Data explorer. Acute drug-toxicity presentations to emergency services by year, hospital and reported drug (Euro-DEN plus)

This interactive tool allows you to explore data submitted to the EMCDDA by hospitals participating in the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN — Euro-DEN Plus)  project. This project involves the collection of data on emergency department presentations with acute drug toxicity in participating countries in Europe. More centres are currently being recruited to increase the European value, representativeness and utility of this data source.

This data explorer is part of European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN Plus): data and analysis, which also provides more detailed analysis and links to further methodological resources. 

 

Notes

  • The Source data section below provides a table containing the data shown in this tool and a description of each centre’s characteristics.
  • The Limitations section includes general notes on the specificity of this surveillance system and the caveats and limitations of this data. More details on the limitations are available here (see the Frequently-asked questions (FAQ) on drug-related hospital emergencies).
  • Because of the size of the dataset, this data explorer may be slow or unresponsive. If this is the case, we recommend trying another browser, such as Firefox, Safari or Chrome.

Caveats

Most presentations involve reported use of more than one drug. Mixing drugs can result in some interactions and can potentiate the effects of a single drug. It might therefore be difficult to determine the effect of a particular drug.

Alcohol-only acute toxicity presentations are not included in Euro-DEN Plus (see the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the Euro-DEN Plus FAQ pages). Therefore, the mention of alcohol in the table below refers only to those presentations that involved illicit drugs, misuse of prescription medicines for recreational purposes or new psychoactive substances (NPS). These particular presentations represent only a small proportion of all the acute alcohol toxicity presentations seen in hospital emergency services.

Another limitation and possible bias of these data is that information on whether or not alcohol has been co-reported is not systematically collected in all centres. The proportion of presentations for which this information is available is reported in the table below. This needs to be kept in mind when comparing the proportion of presentations in which alcohol was involved, across centres and over time. Based on the available data, half of the centres in 2021 had 45% or more acute drug toxicity presentations with alcohol involved.

Acute drug toxicity presentations with a medicine are included only when licensed pharmaceutical preparations (both prescription and over-the-counter medicines) are misused for recreational purposes.

Source data

Click on the 'Show source tables' button below to access all of the data used to generate the data explorer on this page. 

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Table 1. Euro-DEN Plus drug-related emergencies main data table
Country City Hospital Year All presentations Age: <25 years (%) Age: >45 years (%) Female (%) Severity: Admitted to intensive care unit (more severe) (%) Cannabis (%) Heroin (%) Amphetamine (%) MDMA (%) Methamphetamine (%) Cocaine (%) GHB/GBL (%) Alcohol (% recorded) Alcohol (% reporting co-ingestion) Any benzodiazepine (%) Pregabalin (%) Methadone (%) Any NPS (%) 1st other drug: name 1st other drug: % 2nd other drug: name 2nd other drug: % 3rd other drug: name 3rd other drug: % 4th other drug: name 4th other drug: % 5th other drug: name 5th other drug: %
Albania Tirana Tirana 2022 165 26.7 4.2 17 3 20 11.5 0 1.2 0 64.8 0 81.2 64.2 9.1 0 4.8 0 Ketamine 1.8 Ssri (not known) 1.8 Antidepressant (not known) 1.2 Crack 1.2 Diazepam 1.2
Albania Tirana Tirana 2021 226 30.1 3.1 15.9 8 27 20.8 0 0 0 48.7 2.7 73.5 85.5 10.6 0 5.8 0 Crack 10.2 Ketamine 0.9            
Algeria Bab El Oued Bab El Oued 2022 44 50 0 22.7 4.5 36.4 9.1 0 22.7 0 2.3 0 100 6.8 34.1 52.3 0 0 Carbamazepine 13.6 Amitriptyline 9.1 Clonazepam 9.1 Clorazepate 4.5 Haloperidol 4.5
Algeria Bab El Oued Bab El Oued 2021 130 52.3 1.5 23.1 12.3 13.1 4.6 0 10.8 0 3.8 0 98.5 2.3 36.2 49.2 0 0 Clonazepam 17.7 Tramadol 10 Amitriptyline 7.7 Carbamazepine 7.7 Prazepam 5.4
Algeria Oran Oran 2021 29 44.8 6.9 44.8 0 6.9 0 0 13.8 0 13.8 0 96.6 3.6 37.9 24.1 0 0 Bromazepam 17.2 Amitriptyline 10.3 Clonazepam 10.3 Prazepam 6.9 Risperidone 6.9
Belgium Antwerp Antwerp 2022 329 26.2 13.2 16.7 7 23.4 4 14 8.2 3 43.5 12.8 80.2 52.3 11.2 1.5 3 3.6 Ketamine 5.2 Crack 3.6 Bromazepam 2.4 Clonazepam 1.8 Nitrous oxide 1.5
Belgium Antwerp Antwerp 2021 670 22.1 14.9 23 4.8 31.8 5.5 8.5 4.5 0.7 36.6 4.6 100 42.7 13.3 1.8 2.2 2.5 Ketamine 3.7 Diazepam 3.3 Nitrous oxide 3 Bromazepam 2.8 3MMC 2.1
Belgium Antwerp Antwerp 2020 591 17.8 11.9 19.8 7.1 24.9 5.8 14 5.1 1.2 28.3 8.1 99.5 43 9.3 0.3 1.4 2.7 Ketamine 3.2 Nitrous oxide 3.2 3MMC 2.2 Diazepam 2 Tramadol 1.4
Belgium Antwerp Antwerp 2019 654 24.3 12.4 20.5 5.8 26 7.3 12.8 10.7 0.9 36.4 9 100 50 10.6 0.2 1.4 1.2 Ketamine 5.4 Nitrous oxide 3.8 Bromazepam 1.8 Tramadol 1.7 LSD 1.4
Belgium Antwerp Antwerp 2018 592 23.3 12.3 21.6 5.9 27.4 6.8 14.9 9.3 1 35 8.3 97.3 48.4 14.4 0 1 1 Ketamine 2.7 Bromazepam 1.7 Diazepam 1.5 Tramadol 1.5 LSD 1.2
Belgium Antwerp Antwerp 2017 500 24 10 22.6 4.4 22.2 7.4 13.8 10.6 0.2 31.4 8.4 98.8 51.4 7 0 1.6 0.8 Ketamine 3.2 Bromazepam 2 Poppers 1.8 Diazepam 1.4 LSD 1.4
Belgium Ghent Ghent 2022 48 33.3 8.3 25 0 16.7 2.1 14.6 12.5 8.3 37.5 6.2 100 62.5 12.5 2.1 4.2 12.5 Ketamine 20.8 Mephedrone 6.2 ALPHA-PVP 4.2 Alprazolam 4.2 3-HO-PCP 2.1
Belgium Ghent Ghent 2021 68 25 5.9 22.1 2.9 26.5 2.9 20.6 10.3 1.5 29.4 11.8 100 36.8 11.8 0 1.5 14.7 Mephedrone 7.4 Diazepam 5.9 Ketamine 5.9 Bromazepam 4.4 Zolpidem 4.4
Belgium Ghent Ghent 2020 126 27.8 11.1 21.4 7.1 23.8 7.9 24.6 7.9 2.4 22.2 7.1 100 48.4 19 0 4 2.4 Alprazolam 6.3 Diazepam 6.3 Stimulant (not known) 5.6 Ketamine 3.2 Lorazepam 2.4
Belgium Ghent Ghent 2019 202 39.6 6.9 22.8 6.4 29.7 6.4 18.3 10.9 3.5 27.7 5.4 100 55.4 7.4 0 3 5.9 Ketamine 10.4 Stimulant (not known) 4 LSD 2.5 Mephedrone 2 2CB 1
Belgium Ghent Ghent 2018 127 37.8 11.8 19.7 3.1 21.3 8.7 19.7 6.3 3.1 34.6 8.7 98.4 64 15 0 1.6 4.7 Ketamine 7.9 LSD 3.9 Alprazolam 2.4 Diazepam 2.4 2CB 1.6
Belgium Ghent Ghent 2017 113 32.7 10.6 31 6.2 38.1 4.4 23 13.3 3.5 32.7 14.2 99.1 44.6 12.4 0 7.1 0.9 Ketamine 4.4 Clorazepate 2.7 Trazodone 2.7 LSD 1.8 Paracetamol 1.8
Bulgaria Sofia Sofia 2022 35 62.9 0 40 0 54.3 5.7 31.4 0 25.7 11.4 2.9 100 20 8.6 0 22.9 0 LSD 5.7 Amitriptyline 2.9 Ketamine 2.9        
Bulgaria Sofia Sofia 2021 30 36.7 13.3 26.7 0 23.3 16.7 26.7 0 6.7 33.3 0 100 26.7 10 0 16.7 0 Alprazolam 3.3                
Bulgaria Sofia Sofia 2020 45 31.1 2.2 26.7 0 37.8 6.7 31.1 4.4 13.3 20 0 100 40 4.4 0 15.6 2.2 Clonazepam 2.2 Diazepam 2.2 Tfmpp 2.2        
Bulgaria Sofia Sofia 2019 72 51.4 1.4 30.6 0 44.4 6.9 25 5.6 2.8 16.7 0 100 23.6 9.7 0 15.3 0 Clonazepam 6.9 LSD 4.2 Clozapine 2.8 Alprazolam 1.4 Antidepressant (not known) 1.4
Bulgaria Sofia Sofia 2018 80 53.8 0 26.2 0 42.5 12.5 38.8 3.8 3.8 12.5 0 100 31.2 5 0 7.5 0 Diazepam 2.5 Ayahuasca 1.2 Biperiden 1.2 Codeine 1.2 Phencyclidine 1.2
Bulgaria Sofia Sofia 2017 87 52.9 2.3 39.1 0 51.7 10.3 25.3 2.3 3.4 14.9 0 100 23 2.3 0 9.2 0 Diazepam 2.3 LSD 1.1 Melatonin 1.1 Oxycodone 1.1 Zopiclone 1.1
Bulgaria Sofia Sofia 2016 49 53.1 0 34.7 0 38.8 16.3 26.5 4.1 6.1 16.3 0 98 33.3 4.1 0 6.1 0 Biperiden 4.1 Caffeine 2 Clonazepam 2 Clonidine 2 Diazepam 2
Cyprus Nicosia Nicosia 2022 7 42.9 0 14.3 0 71.4 0 0 0 28.6 42.9 0 100 42.9 0 0 0 0                    
Cyprus Nicosia Nicosia 2021 8 25 0 25 0 25 0 12.5 0 25 50 0 100 12.5 0 0 12.5 0 Crack 25                
Czech Republic Prague Prague 2018 18 16.7 16.7 22.2 0 27.8 5.6 5.6 0 16.7 0 16.7 100 50 11.1 0 11.1 5.6 Stimulant (not known) 16.7 4CMC 5.6 5F-MDMB-2201 5.6 Baclofen 5.6 Buprenorphine 5.6
Czech Republic Prague Prague 2017 26 30.8 7.7 50 0 19.2 3.8 11.5 23.1 15.4 3.8 3.8 100 84.6 38.5 0 0 3.8 Alprazolam 11.5 Clonazepam 11.5 Dextromethorphan 3.8 Quetiapine 3.8 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 3.8
Czech Republic Prague Prague 2016 26 7.7 26.9 38.5 30.8 19.2 3.8 0 7.7 23.1 0 11.5 100 73.1 53.8 0 3.8 7.7 Alprazolam 19.2 Clonazepam 15.4 Diazepam 15.4 3-MEO-PCP 3.8 Bromazepam 3.8
Denmark Copenhagen Copenhagen 2014 155 46.5 9 30.3 9 32.9 5.2 9.7 13.5 0 25.2 9 74.8 73.3 7.1 1.9 9 3.2 LSD 5.2 Ketamine 3.2 Zopiclone 3.2 Morphine 1.9 Oxazepam 1.9
Denmark Copenhagen Copenhagen 2013 47 48.9 8.5 27.7 4.3 21.3 4.3 6.4 19.1 0 42.6 6.4 85.1 45 2.1 2.1 14.9 2.1 Ketamine 6.4 Methylphenidate 6.4 Clonazepam 2.1 Khat 2.1 LSD 2.1
Denmark Roskilde Roskilde 2016 66 57.6 9.1 36.4 12.1 24.2 3 27.3 9.1 0 34.8 15.2 68.2 66.7 18.2 0 4.5 0 Quetiapine 7.6 LSD 6.1 Diazepam 4.5 Morphine 4.5 Chlorprothixene 3
Denmark Roskilde Roskilde 2015 89 55.1 10.1 19.1 11.2 22.5 2.2 18 18 3.4 38.2 15.7 69.7 72.6 12.4 0 13.5 1.1 Psychotropic agent (not known) 5.6 Chlorprothixene 4.5 Clonazepam 3.4 LSD 3.4 Methylphenidate 3.4
Estonia Parnu Parnu 2022 14 71.4 0 57.1 0 7.1 0 28.6 7.1 7.1 21.4 57.1 85.7 58.3 0 0 0 0 Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) 7.1                
Estonia Parnu Parnu 2021 18 50 0 44.4 11.1 16.7 0 38.9 27.8 38.9 11.1 5.6 83.3 40 33.3 0 5.6 0 LSD 16.7 Phencyclidine 5.6            
Estonia Parnu Parnu 2020 14 21.4 14.3 21.4 28.6 14.3 0 35.7 0 28.6 21.4 0 85.7 58.3 28.6 0 0 0 Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) 14.3 Alprazolam 7.1 Levomepromazine 7.1        
Estonia Parnu Parnu 2019 18 44.4 5.6 27.8 22.2 22.2 0 22.2 5.6 16.7 0 0 72.2 46.2 33.3 5.6 16.7 0 Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) 11.1                
Estonia Parnu Parnu 2018 24 37.5 4.2 58.3 29.2 8.3 0 20.8 4.2 8.3 25 25 87.5 47.6 29.2 0 4.2 0 Phencyclidine 8.3 Alprazolam 4.2            
Estonia Parnu Parnu 2017 25 72 0 60 4 32 0 36 32 36 4 16 88 77.3 20 0 0 0 Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) 16 Alprazolam 8 Barbiturate (not known) 4 Buprenorphine 4    
Estonia Parnu Parnu 2016 28 50 3.6 42.9 3.6 10.7 0 14.3 21.4 21.4 10.7 0 71.4 70 35.7 0 10.7 0 Alprazolam 17.9 Antidepressant (not known) 3.6 Fluoxetine 3.6 Gabapentin 3.6 Oxcarbamazepine 3.6
Estonia Parnu Parnu 2015 31 32.3 9.7 54.8 3.2 19.4 0 9.7 3.2 3.2 6.5 12.9 77.4 54.2 38.7 0 0 0 Quetiapine 6.5 Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) 6.5 Alprazolam 3.2 Mirtazapine 3.2 Mushroom (not known) 3.2
Estonia Parnu Parnu 2014 13 30.8 15.4 53.8 0 7.7 0 7.7 0 0 0 0 84.6 63.6 53.8 0 0 0 Alprazolam 23.1 Escitalopram 15.4 Diazepam 7.7 Levodopa 7.7 Oxazepam 7.7
Estonia Parnu Parnu 2013 6 50 16.7 16.7 16.7 33.3 0 16.7 0 0 16.7 16.7 66.7 75 16.7 0 0 0 Chlorprothixene 16.7 Zolpidem 16.7            
Estonia Tallinn Tallinn 2020 77 32.5 10.4 23.4 7.8 33.8 0 36.4 16.9 26 15.6 15.6 87 37.3 23.4 0 10.4 0 Fentanyl 9.1 Alprazolam 2.6 LSD 2.6 Clonazepam 1.3 Melperone 1.3
Estonia Tallinn Tallinn 2019 65 23.1 7.7 27.7 15.4 24.6 0 35.4 26.2 21.5 27.7 9.2 92.3 26.7 12.3 1.5 7.7 0 Fentanyl 7.7 LSD 3.1 Oxycodone 3.1 Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) 3.1 Alprazolam 1.5
Estonia Tallinn Tallinn 2018 61 31.1 1.6 18 8.2 24.6 0 39.3 16.4 26.2 18 18 83.6 41.2 14.8 0 4.9 1.6 Fentanyl 16.4 LSD 8.2 Quetiapine 3.3 Nbome (not known) 1.6    
Estonia Tallinn Tallinn 2017 113 29.5 8 27.4 10.6 16.8 0.9 31 9.7 8.8 11.5 34.5 89.4 45.5 19.5 0 4.4 0 Fentanyl 21.2 Barbiturate (not known) 1.8 Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) 1.8 LSD 0.9 Quetiapine 0.9
Estonia Tallinn Tallinn 2016 97 25.8 5.2 20.6 7.2 25.8 0 26.8 11.3 10.3 13.4 29.9 88.7 31.4 22.7 0 7.2 0 Fentanyl 27.8 LSD 2.1 Barbiturate (not known) 1 Quetiapine 1 Tramadol 1
Estonia Tallinn Tallinn 2015 91 20 5.6 33 3.3 13.2 0 26.4 5.5 5.5 13.2 25.3 89 37 27.5 0 11 0 Fentanyl 25.3 Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) 6.6 Tramadol 3.3 Alprazolam 1.1 Barbiturate (not known) 1.1
Estonia Tallinn Tallinn 2014 115 29.6 6.1 22.6 0 25.2 0 15.7 5.2 6.1 12.2 11.3 87 34 24.3 0 9.6 0 Fentanyl 22.6 Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) 3.5 Zopiclone 2.6 Alprazolam 1.7 Escitalopram 1.7
Estonia Tallinn Tallinn 2013 14 35.7 0 14.3 14.3 28.6 0 35.7 0 28.6 7.1 14.3 71.4 30 21.4 0 0 0 Fentanyl 42.9                
Finland Helsinki Helsinki 2017 253 33.6 4.7 26.5 0 6.7 0.8 15 2.4 1.2 1.6 43.5 79.4 53.7 24.5 9.1 1.6 3.2 Buprenorphine 20.6 Alprazolam 6.7 Clonazepam 6.3 Quetiapine 2.8 LSD 2
France Paris Paris 2022 317 20.2 10.4 27.4 8.8 38.8 2.8 0.9 15.8 2.8 18.9 12.9 90.5 41.5 24.6 1.6 6.9 6.3 Crack 14.8 Morphine 6.9 3MMC 3.8 Buprenorphine 3.2 Diazepam 2.5
France Paris Paris 2021 228 18.9 14.5 16.2 10.1 21.5 1.8 1.8 9.6 2.6 18.9 18.9 78.9 42.8 24.1 3.9 5.7 16.7 Crack 18 3MMC 14.5 Ketamine 3.5 Buprenorphine 2.2 Morphine 2.2
France Paris Paris 2020 251 28.7 14.3 17.9 8.4 27.9 2.8 3.6 8.8 1.6 16.3 12.7 90 39.4 24.7 5.2 8 9.2 Crack 15.1 3MMC 6.8 Buprenorphine 4 Poppers 3.6 Morphine 3.2
France Paris Paris 2019 297 27.7 14.9 20.5 8.1 20.2 2.7 3.7 17.2 4 19.2 14.1 82.5 42 17.5 2.4 10.4 7.7 Crack 11.8 3MMC 6.1 Morphine 4 Buprenorphine 3.4 Poppers 3
France Paris Paris 2018 351 23.4 7.4 25.9 8.3 21.1 3.1 2.8 19.7 1.4 20.5 13.4 82.1 50.3 11.4 0.6 10.8 6.3 Crack 16.2 Morphine 6.8 3MMC 3.4 Poppers 3.4 Buprenorphine 3.1
France Paris Paris 2017 273 20.1 10.3 25.3 9.2 30 4.8 2.9 18.7 1.5 25.6 5.5 90.1 47.6 15.4 0 8.4 3.3 Crack 16.5 Morphine 7.7 Buprenorphine 5.5 Ketamine 3.3 Poppers 2.9
France Paris Paris 2016 243 20.2 9.5 23 5.8 21.8 4.5 2.9 18.9 0 23.9 8.2 95.5 53 15.2 0 5.8 3.3 Crack 15.2 Buprenorphine 10.7 Morphine 7 Poppers 3.3 Bromazepam 2.1
France Paris Paris 2015 261 19.2 15.3 26.4 5.7 29.5 7.3 4.6 17.6 1.5 29.1 7.3 98.5 49.4 17.2 0 7.3 5.7 Crack 11.9 Buprenorphine 4.6 Morphine 4.6 MDPV 3.1 Bromazepam 1.9
France Paris Paris 2014 377 18.6 13.8 35.8 8.5 26.8 4.8 1.1 8 0 19.6 3.2 99.5 47.2 33.2 0 6.9 0.8 Crack 11.9 Diazepam 8 Bromazepam 6.4 Buprenorphine 6.4 Zopiclone 5
France Paris Paris 2013 155 25.8 26.5 41.9 5.8 13.5 3.9 1.3 3.2 0 16.8 4.5 97.4 43 31 0 1.3 0 Crack 10.3 Diazepam 9 Zolpidem 5.8 Alprazolam 5.2 Bromazepam 5.2
Georgia Tblisi Tblisi 2019 11 18.2 0 27.3 0 81.8 0 9.1 0 0 0 0 100 63.6 0 0 0 9.1 Psychotropic agent (not known) 18.2 Baclofen 9.1 Gabapentin 9.1 NPS/legal high crystal 9.1    
Georgia Tblisi Tblisi 2018 49 40.8 6.1 6.1 0 38.8 6.1 8.2 6.1 0 0 0 100 42.9 2 0 4.1 26.5 Baclofen 26.5 NPS/legal high (not known) 20.4 Gabapentin 14.3 Mephedrone 4.1 Psychotropic agent (not known) 4.1
Georgia Tblisi Tblisi 2017 8 50 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 37.5 0 0 0 25 Baclofen 25 NPS/legal high (not known) 25            
Germany Munich Munich 2022 43 14 9.3 20.9 0 30.2 16.3 7 4.7 2.3 16.3 2.3 100 58.1 48.8 34.9 9.3 4.7 Levomethadone 11.6 Dextromethorphan 4.7 Fentanyl 4.7 Quetiapine 4.7 2,4-fluorophenylmethylpiperidine 2.3
Germany Munich Munich 2021 74 17.6 13.5 20.3 0 20.3 6.8 17.6 1.4 5.4 24.3 6.8 100 35.1 40.5 31.1 1.4 8.1 Levomethadone 10.8 Alprazolam 4.1 Buprenorphine 4.1 Fentanyl 4.1 Lorazepam 4.1
Germany Munich Munich 2020 125 20.8 10.4 28 0 19.2 3.2 12 2.4 0.8 15.2 2.4 100 44 44.8 32.8 4.8 14.4 Levomethadone 12.8 Buprenorphine 6.4 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 4.8 Methylphenidate 4 Alprazolam 2.4
Germany Munich Munich 2019 130 25.4 12.3 29.2 0 11.5 5.4 10 3.1 2.3 13.8 3.1 100 46.2 35.4 32.3 4.6 18.5 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 13.8 Buprenorphine 8.5 Levomethadone 7.7 LSD 3.8 Bupropion 2.3
Germany Munich Munich 2018 133 24.8 9 24.1 0 11.3 13.5 3.8 4.5 1.5 8.3 3.8 100 41.4 21.1 15.8 3 18.8 Buprenorphine 15.8 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 9.8 Levomethadone 4.5 Bupropion 3.8 Diazepam 3
Germany Munich Munich 2017 113 18.6 10.6 22.1 0 10.6 6.2 10.6 2.7 7.1 7.1 1.8 100 46.9 24.8 22.1 8 16.8 Buprenorphine 11.5 NPS/legal high bath salts 8 Lorazepam 6.2 Methylphenidate 4.4 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 4.4
Germany Munich Munich 2016 115 17.4 12.2 24.3 0 20 13 6.1 3.5 0 7 3.5 100 41.7 23.5 20 11.3 32.2 NPS/legal high bath salts 16.5 Buprenorphine 13.9 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 6.1 Fentanyl 4.3 ALPHA-PVP 3.5
Germany Munich Munich 2015 152 22.4 6.6 30.9 0 30.9 16.4 15.8 5.9 0.7 11.8 2 100 30.9 41.4 28.3 16.4 33.6 Buprenorphine 14.5 NPS/legal high bath salts 9.2 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 9.2 Fentanyl 4.6 MDPV 3.3
Germany Munich Munich 2014 213 18.8 5.6 32.9 1.4 30 15.5 17.8 5.2 1.9 12.7 6.1 100 38 41.3 27.2 23.5 24.4 Buprenorphine 14.1 MDPV 10.3 Fentanyl 9.9 Tramadol 5.2 3MMC 4.2
Germany Munich Munich 2013 49 24.5 2 32.7 0 34.7 18.4 28.6 4.1 2 12.2 6.1 93.9 41.3 38.8 12.2 34.7 10.2 MDPV 10.2 Buprenorphine 6.1 Dextromethorphan 6.1 Fentanyl 4.1 MDEA 4.1
Ireland Drogheda Drogheda 2022 52 40.4 3.8 26.9 0 9.6 38.5 1.9 3.8 0 46.2 0 100 36.5 30.8 0 0 0 Diazepam 15.4 Alprazolam 9.6 Ketamine 3.8 LSD 1.9 Tramadol 1.9
Ireland Drogheda Drogheda 2021 43 32.6 9.3 20.9 0 27.9 23.3 0 0 0 44.2 0 93 50 18.6 2.3 9.3 0 Alprazolam 7 Crack 4.7 Diazepam 4.7 Amitriptyline 2.3 Codeine 2.3
Ireland Drogheda Drogheda 2020 87 39.1 2.3 11.5 4.6 11.5 35.6 1.1 5.7 1.1 26.4 0 100 47.1 42.5 5.7 3.4 0 Alprazolam 28.7 Diazepam 6.9 Tramadol 3.4 Zopiclone 3.4 Gabapentin 1.1
Ireland Drogheda Drogheda 2019 82 31.7 13.4 19.5 8.5 11 35.4 1.2 4.9 0 24.4 0 100 48.8 43.9 1.2 9.8 1.2 Alprazolam 35.4 Diazepam 7.3 Morphine 3.7 Zopiclone 3.7 LSD 2.4
Ireland Drogheda Drogheda 2018 26 38.5 23.1 34.6 19.2 11.5 3.8 0 7.7 3.8 30.8 0 100 61.5 61.5 3.8 7.7 0 Alprazolam 26.9 Baclofen 7.7 Diazepam 7.7 Gabapentin 7.7 Morphine 7.7
Ireland Drogheda Drogheda 2017 20 45 10 50 10 30 0 0 35 5 50 0 95 89.5 40 0 0 0 Morphine 25                
Ireland Drogheda Drogheda 2016 24 43.5 4.3 29.2 4.2 33.3 12.5 0 29.2 8.3 37.5 0 95.8 87 41.7 0 0 0 Diazepam 4.2 Fluoxetine 4.2 Morphine 4.2 St john's wort 4.2    
Ireland Drogheda Drogheda 2015 11 18.2 0 27.3 18.2 27.3 54.5 0 0 0 27.3 0 36.4 50 45.5 0 0 0 Alprazolam 36.4 Diazepam 18.2            
Ireland Drogheda Drogheda 2014 29 58.6 10.3 6.9 6.9 31 13.8 13.8 13.8 3.4 20.7 0 72.4 61.9 41.4 0 0 0 Alprazolam 13.8 Chlordiazepoxide 3.4 Clonazepam 3.4 Escitalopram 3.4 Flurazepam 3.4
Ireland Drogheda Drogheda 2013 13 38.5 7.7 15.4 0 38.5 0 0 23.1 7.7 23.1 0 100 84.6 61.5 0 7.7 0 Alprazolam 23.1 Diazepam 15.4 Flurazepam 7.7 Sertraline 7.7 Zopiclone 7.7
Ireland Dublin Dublin 2022 565 17.5 24.5 20.7 2.8 9.9 20 0 3.5 1.8 30.6 8 43.7 66.4 28.1 5 13.3 0.5 Alprazolam 18.6 Zopiclone 6.2 Diazepam 4.6 Ketamine 4.1 Poppers 0.9
Ireland Dublin Dublin 2021 588 16.8 20.9 26.7 2.4 11.2 18.7 0.3 1.7 2.6 23.3 5.4 65.1 56.1 31.5 7.3 10.7 0.2 Alprazolam 17.3 Diazepam 8.2 Zopiclone 7.1 Crack 5.4 Mirtazapine 1.7
Ireland Dublin Dublin 2020 528 16.9 20.4 31.6 3.8 12.7 23.9 0.6 3.4 1.3 14.8 3.8 50 55.3 29.9 6.8 11.9 0.4 Alprazolam 19.7 Zopiclone 7.6 Diazepam 6.2 Crack 6.1 Ketamine 2.8
Ireland Dublin Dublin 2019 511 21.1 11.4 32.7 2.7 14.1 31.1 0.6 6.5 2 20.4 4.1 56.9 55.3 26 4.9 9.8 0.8 Zopiclone 11.9 Alprazolam 10.8 Diazepam 6.3 Crack 3.5 Ketamine 2.5
Ireland Dublin Dublin 2018 589 25.9 12.5 25.8 0.5 10.5 33.8 1.4 9 0.8 19.7 2.7 41.1 72.3 25.8 5.4 8 2.9 Alprazolam 13.8 Zopiclone 6.6 Diazepam 2.9 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 2.2 Ketamine 1.9
Ireland Dublin Dublin 2017 586 24 7.2 32.4 3.8 9.9 34 0.7 7 0.7 20.5 1.5 52.4 70 18.9 7.2 7.7 1.5 Zopiclone 11.6 Alprazolam 7.7 Diazepam 4.9 Crack 2.4 Ketamine 2.2
Ireland Dublin Dublin 2016 436 23.5 7.6 28.4 1.1 10.3 33.9 0 8.7 0.7 18.8 1.1 57.6 63.3 22.9 7.8 9.9 7.3 Zopiclone 12.8 Alprazolam 8.9 Diazepam 5.7 Mephedrone 5.7 Flurazepam 1.6
Ireland Dublin Dublin 2015 543 22 6.3 27.1 0.9 10.1 35 1.7 8.7 2 16.2 0.7 45.7 69.8 18.4 1.8 10.7 13.1 Zopiclone 20.1 Mephedrone 12 Diazepam 9.4 Alprazolam 2.2 Ketamine 1.1
Ireland Dublin Dublin 2014 524 27.8 4.3 29.2 1.1 8.4 33.2 0.2 11.6 5.2 18.7 0.6 50.4 53.4 10.5 1.3 5.5 13.5 Mephedrone 13 Zopiclone 7.1 Diazepam 4.8 Alprazolam 2.1 Ketamine 2.1
Ireland Dublin Dublin 2013 135 34.6 3.8 19.3 0.7 17.8 33.3 0.7 11.9 0 17.8 0.7 42.2 68.4 8.1 0 3.7 9.6 Mephedrone 8.9 Ketamine 3.7 LSD 3 Zopiclone 2.2 Alprazolam 1.5
Israel Haifa Haifa 2021 60 18.6 39 30 5 13.3 3.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 5 0 90 16.7 6.7 3.3 5 0 Fentanyl 5 Clonazepam 3.3 Methylphenidate 3.3 Paracetamol 3.3 Antihistamine (not known) 1.7
Italy Monza Monza 2018 95 36.8 12.6 27.4 1.1 43.2 5.3 6.3 0 0 65.3 0 98.9 36.2 14.7 0 5.3 0 Amanita muscaria 1.1 Ayahuasca 1.1 Butalbital 1.1 Oxolamine 1.1 Propyphenazone 1.1
Italy Monza Monza 2017 113 36.3 15 21.2 0.9 49.6 9.7 2.7 0 1.8 54 0 97.3 36.4 23 0 2.7 0 Butalbital 0.9 Caffeine 0.9 Chlorpromazine 0.9 LSD 0.9 Morphine 0.9
Italy Rozzano Rozzano 2022 18 27.8 22.2 22.2 0 11.1 0 0 0 0 55.6 0 83.3 53.3 0 0 0 44.4 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 44.4                
Italy Rozzano Rozzano 2021 26 38.5 26.9 15.4 3.8 30.8 0 3.8 3.8 7.7 34.6 0 88.5 52.2 11.5 0 0 23.1 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 19.2 Cathinone (not known) 3.8            
Latvia Riga Riga 2022 35 20 5.7 22.9 8.6 22.9 0 37.1 0 20 11.4 0 100 45.7 22.9 2.9 14.3 0 Propofol 8.6 Fentanyl 5.7 Thiopental 5.7 Alprazolam 2.9 Atropine 2.9
Latvia Riga Riga 2021 41 9.8 14.6 22 0 14.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 26.8 17.1 0 100 26.8 26.8 0 14.6 0 Tramadol 9.8 Clozapine 7.3 Clonazepam 4.9 Diphenhydramine 4.9 Ketamine 4.9
Latvia Riga Riga 2020 56 25 5.4 25 0 32.1 1.8 7.1 5.4 17.9 5.4 0 100 28.6 26.8 1.8 10.7 8.9 Propofol 7.1 Trihexyphenidyl 7.1 Carbamazepine 5.4 Diphenhydramine 5.4 Amitriptyline 3.6
Latvia Riga Riga 2019 43 30.2 7 16.3 0 18.6 2.3 7 16.3 7 2.3 0 100 41.9 25.6 0 25.6 0 Tramadol 20.9 Clozapine 11.6 Alprazolam 7 Diphenhydramine 4.7 Lorazepam 4.7
Latvia Riga Riga 2018 51 15.7 5.9 15.7 0 21.6 11.8 2 3.9 13.7 3.9 3.9 100 58.8 17.6 0 11.8 2 Tramadol 7.8 Clonazepam 5.9 Diphenhydramine 5.9 Barbiturate (not known) 2 Crack 2
Latvia Riga Riga 2017 81 19.8 4.9 11.1 0 16 11.1 8.6 1.2 6.2 6.2 2.5 100 56.8 12.3 0 9.9 3.7 Fentanyl 6.2 Carbamazepine 4.9 Tramadol 4.9 Diazepam 3.7 Morphine 3.7
Lebanon Beirut Beirut 2021 5 25 0 0 0 40 0 0 20 0 40 20 100 40 20 0 0 0 Clonazepam 20                
Lithuania Kaunus Kaunus 2017 164 22.1 16.6 20.7 0.6 7.9 7.3 3 3 0.6 1.8 0 95.1 44.2 17.7 0 3.7 3.7 Psychotropic agent (not known) 32.3 Clonazepam 3.7 NPS/legal high (not known) 3.7 Alprazolam 3 Bromazepam 3
Lithuania Vilnius Vilnius 2022 118 31.4 7.6 16.9 5.9 22 0.8 16.9 2.5 1.7 6.8 0 90.7 64.5 0 0.8 3.4 9.3 Fentanyl 21.2 LSD 3.4 NPS/legal high crystal 2.5 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 2.5 Carfentanyl 1.7
Lithuania Vilnius Vilnius 2021 142 23.2 4.9 13.4 4.2 25.4 4.9 13.4 2.8 0.7 6.3 0 89.4 48 1.4 0 2.1 7 Fentanyl 15.5 Stimulant (not known) 6.3 LSD 2.8 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 2.8 Alprazolam 1.4
Lithuania Vilnius Vilnius 2020 94 37.2 6.4 18.1 3.2 30.9 5.3 13.8 4.3 0 7.4 0 90.4 42.4 6.4 0 3.2 2.1 Fentanyl 9.6 LSD 3.2 Bromazepam 2.1 Caffeine 2.1 Alprazolam 1.1
Lithuania Vilnius Vilnius 2019 112 33 4.5 17.9 13.4 20.5 8 14.3 10.7 2.7 6.2 0.9 92.9 50 4.5 1.8 4.5 5.4 Fentanyl 11.6 Stimulant (not known) 3.6 LSD 2.7 Psilocybe mushroom 2.7 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 2.7
Lithuania Vilnius Vilnius 2018 135 28.4 4.5 19.3 11.9 14.8 22.2 8.1 6.7 2.2 11.1 3.7 86.7 44.4 5.2 0 3.7 8.9 Fentanyl 7.4 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 3.7 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 3.7 Clonazepam 3 Psychotropic agent (not known) 3
Lithuania Vilnius Vilnius 2017 203 19.8 6.4 17.7 5.4 15.3 48.3 9.4 0.5 3 4.4 1.5 74.9 56.6 10.3 0 3.9 7.9 Clonazepam 4.9 Diazepam 3.9 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 3 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 2.5 Alprazolam 2
Malta Msida Msida 2022 1134 26.9 13.4 19.7 1.2 48.4 13.9 0.3 3.5 0 40.8 0.3 99.7 29 2.9 0 0.1 13.2 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 12 Crack 7.5 Diazepam 1.1 AB-PINACA 1 Ketamine 1
Malta Msida Msida 2021 568 26.3 13.4 21 0.7 32.2 19.4 0.5 4.8 0.2 46.3 0.2 100 32.4 7.2 0.2 0.2 19.5 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 16.5 Crack 10.4 Lorazepam 2.5 Quetiapine 2.3 Alprazolam 1.6
Malta Msida Msida 2020 579 22.1 9.7 20 1.6 34.5 18.1 0.7 6 0.5 53.2 0.7 100 30.6 8.3 0.2 2.1 10.9 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 10.7 Crack 5 Diazepam 2.4 Clonazepam 2.2 Quetiapine 2.2
Malta Msida Msida 2019 563 25.4 7.7 25.4 3 28.4 17.4 0.4 9.8 0.2 48.7 0.4 100 25.9 6.7 0 1.1 19.9 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 17.4 Crack 3.4 Diazepam 3.2 Quetiapine 2.1 Ketamine 1.8
Malta Msida Msida 2018 490 30.4 9.4 20.6 2.7 23.7 20.2 0 6.5 0.2 47.3 0 100 25.5 3.7 0 0.8 27.3 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 26.7 Clonazepam 2.2 Quetiapine 2.2 LSD 1.6 Ketamine 1.4
Malta Msida Msida 2017 369 23.8 12.7 21.7 1.9 27.9 25.2 0.5 4.6 0 45 0.3 99.7 29.9 3 0 0.3 24.9 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 24.1 Diazepam 2.2 Quetiapine 1.6 LSD 0.8 Paroxetine 0.8
Malta Msida Msida 2016 218 30 11.5 18.3 4.1 19.3 27.5 1.4 11.9 0 50.5 1.4 95.9 36.4 3.7 0 1.4 19.3 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 17.9 Ketamine 2.8 LSD 1.8 Clonazepam 1.4 Diazepam 1.4
Netherlands Amsterdam Amsterdam 2022 670 27.9 14.8 24.6 0 35.2 2.1 6.3 12.4 1.2 20.3 19.7 100 36 0.4 0 0.3 6 Ketamine 7.2 Nitrous oxide 3.1 3MMC 2.7 LSD 1.8 2CB 1.5
Netherlands Amsterdam Amsterdam 2021 492 25 12.8 26.4 0.6 28.7 3 7.9 9.3 2 28.7 30.3 100 35.4 1.2 0 0.6 6.3 Nitrous oxide 6.1 Ketamine 4.7 3MMC 3.7 LSD 1.8 Mushroom (not known) 1.6
Netherlands Amsterdam Amsterdam 2020 639 29.5 11.6 22.5 2 36.5 3.8 8.5 11.1 0.8 23.2 23.6 100 30.2 0 0 1.9 2.2 LSD 3 Nitrous oxide 2.3 Psilocybin 1.7 Ketamine 1.3 Psilocybe mushroom 1.1
Netherlands Amsterdam Amsterdam 2019 1222 30 12.2 27.3 0.4 49.8 2.3 7.8 14.8 1.1 21.8 16 100 36.4 0.3 0 0.8 1.7 Psilocybin 4.9 LSD 1.2 4FA 0.7 3MMC 0.5 2CB 0.2
Netherlands Amsterdam Amsterdam 2018 1208 25.7 12.9 26 6.5 55.3 2.3 6.7 13.2 0 20.2 15.3 100 38.5 0.2 0 1.2 1.4 Psilocybin 6.4 LSD 1.4 4FA 0.7 2CB 0.3 Caffeine 0.2
Netherlands Utrecht Utrecht 2022 23 17.4 8.7 17.4 39.1 13 4.3 21.7 30.4 0 21.7 30.4 82.6 47.4 4.3 4.3 0 13 Ketamine 21.7 3MMC 8.7 Baclofen 4.3 Clonazepam 4.3 Crack 4.3
Netherlands Utrecht Utrecht 2021 21 23.8 14.3 38.1 42.9 0 4.8 9.5 19 4.8 14.3 38.1 76.2 18.8 19 0 4.8 19 LSD 9.5 O-desmethyl tramadol 9.5 Acetic acid 4.8 ALPHA-PHP 4.8 Bromazolam 4.8
Netherlands Utrecht Utrecht 2020 32 40.6 9.4 21.9 21.9 15.6 0 15.6 15.6 0 31.2 40.6 96.9 48.4 3.1 0 0 3.1 LSD 15.6 Ketamine 6.2 3FPM 3.1 Methylphenidate 3.1 Nitrous oxide 3.1
Netherlands Utrecht Utrecht 2019 32 34.4 9.4 15.6 18.8 25 6.2 12.5 9.4 0 34.4 40.6 78.1 36 15.6 0 6.2 3.1 Nitrous oxide 9.4 Baclofen 6.2 Diazepam 6.2 ALPHA-PVP 3.1 Alprazolam 3.1
Netherlands Utrecht Utrecht 2018 50 40 10 26 34 16 0 10 18 2 26 38 94 55.3 8 0 4 4 Oxazepam 6 Crack 4 Ketamine 4 LSD 4 Nitrous oxide 4
North Macedonia Skopje Skopje 2022 93 27.8 8.9 18.3 11.8 30.1 18.3 8.6 2.2 0 36.6 0 98.9 22.8 34.4 0 15.1 0 Diazepam 19.4 Alprazolam 5.4 Buprenorphine 5.4 Tramadol 5.4 Energy drink 4.3
Norway Oslo Oslo OAEOC 2022 1568 19.2 21.1 27 0 16.1 36.4 20.4 3.6 0.4 15.3 13.1 100 33.2 27.3 1.2 1.8 0.2 Alprazolam 13.7 Clonazepam 4.4 Diazepam 3.7 Ketamine 2.7 LSD 2
Norway Oslo Oslo OAEOC 2021 1562 20.3 18.7 27.7 0 16.9 29.5 22.8 4 0.8 12.8 12.5 68.7 52.1 25.2 1.8 4.4 0.6 Alprazolam 9.5 Clonazepam 6.1 Diazepam 5.8 Oxazepam 3.7 LSD 2.1
Norway Oslo Oslo OAEOC 2020 2114 18.4 19.3 23.7 0 11.4 34.4 22.3 4.6 0.8 7.9 10.9 81.3 33.9 20.1 1 2 0.1 Clonazepam 11 Alprazolam 4.4 Sedative (not known) 3.5 Diazepam 2.5 Stimulant (not known) 2.1
Norway Oslo Oslo OAEOC 2019 1860 15.5 22.5 20.4 0 13 34.6 20.6 3.8 0.8 8.2 11.4 32.6 87 20.6 1 2.7 0.5 Clonazepam 12.4 Diazepam 3.9 Alprazolam 2.2 LSD 1.9 Oxazepam 1.7
Norway Oslo Oslo OAEOC 2018 1971 14.8 20.6 22.9 0 14.2 33.9 21.9 3.8 0.5 9 11.8 80.3 35.5 21.2 0.7 2.2 0.4 Clonazepam 7.4 LSD 2.3 Diazepam 2.2 Oxazepam 1.4 Morphine 1.2
Norway Oslo Oslo OAEOC 2017 1593 17.4 18.4 24.7 0 14.2 32.9 23.9 4.2 0.7 6.2 12.3 61.2 43.5 24.7 1.4 4.5 0.1 Clonazepam 16.1 Diazepam 4.1 Oxazepam 2.3 Alprazolam 1.9 Buprenorphine 1.4
Norway Oslo Oslo OAEOC 2016 1303 17.4 17.7 23.9 0 12.6 46.8 23.4 4.7 0.2 5.6 10.3 80.3 33.1 29.2 0.4 3.7 0.2 Clonazepam 18.3 Diazepam 5.1 Alprazolam 3.6 Oxazepam 2.4 Stimulant (not known) 2.1
Norway Oslo Oslo OAEOC 2015 1576 15.1 21.9 23 0 14.1 43.9 22.3 3 0.6 6.8 9.8 66.4 42.5 30.8 0.1 3.3 0.2 Clonazepam 17.3 Diazepam 4.8 Oxazepam 3.4 Alprazolam 2.9 Buprenorphine 1.5
Norway Oslo Oslo OAEOC 2014 1529 16.8 22.5 21.9 0 11.8 45.9 19.3 2.6 0.6 6.1 9 34.3 78.1 32.1 0.4 2.7 0.6 Clonazepam 18.8 Diazepam 4.6 Alprazolam 4.3 Oxazepam 2.7 Buprenorphine 2.5
Norway Oslo Oslo OAEOC 2013 331 22.3 21.4 22.4 0 10.3 44.4 23 2.1 0.6 5.1 10.9 33.2 81.8 31.4 0 3 0 Clonazepam 17.8 Diazepam 6.6 Alprazolam 4.5 Oxazepam 3.6 Flunitrazepam 1.5
Norway Oslo Oslo OUH 2022 171 14.1 17.1 25.7 94.7 5.3 15.8 11.7 4.7 0 9.9 50.9 45 98.7 5.8 0 2.9 0.6 Alprazolam 1.2 Ketamine 1.2 Crack 0.6 DMT 0.6 Lisdexamfetamine 0.6
Norway Oslo Oslo OUH 2021 141 13 26.8 27.7 93.6 2.8 15.6 7.8 5.7 0.7 7.8 42.6 55.3 94.9 9.9 0.7 2.1 0 Alprazolam 0.7 LSD 0.7 Mushroom (not known) 0.7 Nitrous oxide 0.7 Olanzapine 0.7
Norway Oslo Oslo OUH 2020 216 19.2 16.4 23.1 93.5 2.8 13.4 13.9 4.2 0 5.1 52.3 44 88.4 8.8 0 0.9 0 LSD 1.4 Alprazolam 0.5 Diazepam 0.5 Mushroom (not known) 0.5 Quetiapine 0.5
Norway Oslo Oslo OUH 2019 195 18 18 27.7 93.8 2.1 19 16.4 5.6 0 10.3 44.1 46.7 89 1.5 0 1 0 Buprenorphine 0.5 Diazepam 0.5 LSD 0.5        
Norway Oslo Oslo OUH 2018 213 15.1 14.2 23 93 8 17.8 8.5 6.6 0.5 6.6 53.5 58.7 88 7 0 1.9 0 Ketamine 1.4 LSD 1.4 Alprazolam 0.9 Mushroom (not known) 0.5    
Norway Oslo Oslo OUH 2017 196 17.5 11.9 30.1 87.8 6.6 13.8 16.8 4.6 0.5 6.6 53.1 63.3 95.2 10.2 0 1 0 Clonazepam 2.6 Flunitrazepam 1 Alprazolam 0.5 Antihistamine (not known) 0.5 Morphine 0.5
Norway Oslo Oslo OUH 2016 194 19.1 11.3 26.8 91.2 6.2 19.1 17.5 6.2 1.5 6.2 51 62.9 95.1 11.9 0 1.5 2.1 Clonazepam 5.7 2CB 1.5 LSD 1 Psilocybe mushroom 1 2CD 0.5
Norway Oslo Oslo OUH 2015 180 24.2 8.4 29.4 89.4 6.1 23.3 25.6 5.6 0 10 55.6 60 84.3 7.2 0 0.6 3.9 Clonazepam 3.9 25B-NBOME 1.7 Ayahuasca 1.1 DMT 1.1 2CB 0.6
Norway Oslo Oslo OUH 2014 192 25.1 8 25.5 88 12.5 26 29.2 3.1 1 14.6 45.8 57.3 70.9 14.1 0 0.5 0.5 Clonazepam 8.9 LSD 3.1 Alprazolam 1 2CL 0.5 Alimemazine 0.5
Norway Oslo Oslo OUH 2013 40 25.6 20.5 20 82.5 15 37.5 30 5 0 7.5 35 75 40 42.5 0 0 0 Alprazolam 5 Clonazepam 5 Diazepam 5 Alimemazine 2.5 Barbiturate (not known) 2.5
Poland Gdansk Gdansk 2022 59 64.4 3.4 25.4 0 18.6 8.5 18.6 6.8 3.4 6.8 0 100 30.5 23.7 13.6 3.4 25.4 NPS/legal high (not known) 20.3 Clonazepam 13.6 Alprazolam 10.2 Zolpidem 10.2 Dextromethorphan 5.1
Poland Gdansk Gdansk 2021 50 56 4 16 0 18 6 30 6 2 6 0 100 44 12 4 4 28 NPS/legal high (not known) 22 Dextromethorphan 8 Codeine 6 Oxycodone 6 Tramadol 6
Poland Gdansk Gdansk 2020 69 47.8 2.9 18.8 0 18.8 2.9 44.9 8.7 5.8 8.7 0 100 31.9 15.9 1.4 4.3 21.7 NPS/legal high (not known) 18.8 Codeine 13 Clonazepam 10.1 Alprazolam 7.2 Dextromethorphan 5.8
Poland Gdansk Gdansk 2019 101 38.6 6.9 22.8 1 20.8 8.9 30.7 5.9 3 6.9 0 100 35.6 7.9 2 2 30.7 NPS/legal high (not known) 28.7 Clonazepam 4 Buprenorphine 3 Dextromethorphan 3 Alprazolam 2
Poland Gdansk Gdansk 2018 93 53.8 0 20.4 0 17.2 3.2 25.8 0 4.3 8.6 0 100 33.3 12.9 0 0 39.8 NPS/legal high (not known) 14 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 6.5 Mephedrone 5.4 Dextromethorphan 4.3 Alprazolam 3.2
Poland Gdansk Gdansk 2017 103 49.5 1.9 18.4 0 18.4 1 25.2 3.9 2.9 8.7 1.9 100 35 1.9 0 1 48.5 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 14.6 NPS/legal high (not known) 12.6 Psychotropic agent (not known) 10.7 Cathinone (not known) 5.8 Mephedrone 4.9
Poland Gdansk Gdansk 2016 125 56.9 2.4 16 0 14.4 4.8 20 4.8 4 9.6 3.2 98.4 28.5 0.8 0 0.8 56 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 20.8 NPS/legal high (not known) 13.6 Mephedrone 9.6 Psychotropic agent (not known) 3.2 Cathinone (not known) 2.4
Poland Gdansk Gdansk 2015 236 60.6 2.5 15.3 0.4 10.2 2.5 15.3 2.1 2.5 2.1 2.1 100 20.8 4.2 0 2.1 65.7 NPS/legal high (not known) 47 Mephedrone 10.6 Dextromethorphan 4.2 Synthetic cannabinoid magic tobacco 2.5 Psychotropic agent (not known) 2.1
Poland Gdansk Gdansk 2014 158 51.3 3.8 20.3 0 10.8 11.4 15.2 0.6 3.8 5.7 1.9 100 21.5 4.4 0 5.1 34.8 NPS/legal high (not known) 16.5 Dextromethorphan 10.8 Mephedrone 8.9 Psychotropic agent (not known) 7 25B-NBOME 1.3
Poland Gdansk Gdansk 2013 39 64.1 0 20.5 2.6 15.4 5.1 15.4 2.6 2.6 0 2.6 100 35.9 0 0 5.1 35.9 NPS/legal high (not known) 25.6 Dextromethorphan 7.7 Datura stramonium 5.1 LSD 5.1 Tramadol 5.1
Romania Bucharest Bucharest 2022 61 100 0 31.1 0 63.9 3.3 1.6 3.3 6.6 1.6 0 100 32.8 19.7 0 0 19.7 NPS/legal high (not known) 14.8 NPS/legal high pure by magic 4.9 Alprazolam 3.3 Oxycodone 3.3 Clonazepam 1.6
Romania Bucharest Bucharest 2021 31 100 0 19.4 0 32.3 0 6.5 6.5 6.5 12.9 0 96.8 13.3 12.9 0 0 38.7 NPS/legal high (not known) 38.7 Clonazepam 6.5 Alprazolam 3.2 Levomepromazine 3.2 Oxycodone 3.2
Romania Bucharest Bucharest 2020 27 100 0 48.1 0 70.4 0 3.7 3.7 0 0 0 100 22.2 3.7 0 0 14.8 NPS/legal high (not known) 14.8 Bilastine 3.7 Diazepam 3.7 LSD 3.7 Metoclopramide 3.7
Romania Bucharest Bucharest 2019 45 100 0 42.2 0 68.9 6.7 2.2 0 2.2 0 0 100 31.1 2.2 0 0 17.8 NPS/legal high (not known) 15.6 LSD 4.4 Benzydamine 2.2 Ketamine 2.2 NPS/legal high zombie 2.2
Romania Bucharest Bucharest 2018 30 100 0 50 0 73.3 3.3 0 0 0 3.3 0 100 13.3 6.7 0 0 23.3 NPS/legal high (not known) 23.3 Datura stramonium 6.7 Alprazolam 3.3 Barbiturate (not known) 3.3    
Serbia Belgrade Belgrade 2022 114 22.1 6.2 23.7 6.1 23.7 22.8 20.2 4.4 0 21.1 3.5 97.4 36.9 8.8 6.1 7.9 0 Buprenorphine 3.5 Diazepam 3.5 Lorazepam 2.6 Bromazepam 1.8 Clonazepam 1.8
Serbia Belgrade Belgrade 2021 204 16.2 7.8 18.1 2.9 14.7 37.3 16.7 2 2 9.3 2.5 100 28.9 13.2 1.5 10.8 0 Buprenorphine 8.3 Bromazepam 4.9 Diazepam 3.9 Clonazepam 2.9 Alprazolam 2
Slovakia Bratislava Bratislava 2022 82 63.4 2.4 30.5 2.4 25.6 4.9 1.2 4.9 32.9 7.3 3.7 67.1 47.3 3.7 0 1.2 6.1 Ketamine 4.9 Toluene 4.9 Psilocybe mushroom 3.7 Alprazolam 2.4 Hexahydrocannabinol 2.4
Slovakia Bratislava Bratislava 2021 59 54.2 5.1 25.4 3.4 32.2 1.7 6.8 3.4 44.1 3.4 5.1 79.7 48.9 3.4 0 0 1.7 Cannabis (CBD) 1.7 Datura stramonium 1.7 Ephedrine 1.7 LSD 1.7 Morphine 1.7
Slovakia Bratislava Bratislava 2020 57 57.9 5.3 33.3 7 36.8 5.3 7 10.5 36.8 7 0 68.4 61.5 5.3 0 1.8 1.8 Tramadol 7 Alprazolam 3.5 LSD 3.5 Morphine 3.5 Amanita muscaria 1.8
Slovakia Bratislava Bratislava 2019 82 67.1 4.9 30.5 3.7 42.7 4.9 12.2 12.2 36.6 8.5 1.2 96.3 53.2 13.4 0 2.4 4.9 Alprazolam 3.7 Synthetic cannabinoid herba 3.7 Datura stramonium 2.4 Psilocybe mushroom 2.4 Tramadol 2.4
Slovakia Bratislava Bratislava 2018 63 71.4 1.6 41.3 6.3 36.5 3.2 1.6 30.2 41.3 11.1 1.6 100 50.8 14.3 0 0 4.8 Alprazolam 9.5 Tramadol 4.8 Datura stramonium 3.2 Dextromethorphan 3.2 Morphine 3.2
Slovakia Bratislava Bratislava 2017 56 62.5 0 28.6 3.6 48.2 0 5.4 16.1 44.6 14.3 0 100 37.5 1.8 0 0 3.6 Tramadol 10.7 Energy drink 3.6 4-MEO-PCP 1.8 Dextromethorphan 1.8 LSD 1.8
Slovakia Bratislava Bratislava 2016 91 68.1 3.3 36.3 8.8 48.4 1.1 4.4 15.4 47.3 2.2 0 98.9 37.8 13.2 0 2.2 1.1 Tramadol 5.5 LSD 3.3 Morphine 3.3 Alprazolam 2.2 Buprenorphine 2.2
Slovenia Ljubljana Ljubljana 2022 159 18.2 15.7 15.1 12.6 17.6 24.5 6.9 6.9 1.3 34.6 10.1 74.2 55.9 22.6 1.3 11.3 0 Midazolam 7.5 Diazepam 4.4 Alprazolam 2.5 Clonazepam 2.5 Psychotropic agent (not known) 2.5
Slovenia Ljubljana Ljubljana 2021 141 17.7 15.6 15.6 16.3 18.4 24.1 3.5 4.3 0.7 33.3 14.2 63.8 47.8 24.1 3.5 13.5 5.7 Midazolam 10.6 Alprazolam 4.3 Clonazepam 2.8 LSD 2.8 MDMB-4EN-PINACA 2.1
Slovenia Ljubljana Ljubljana 2020 113 26.5 9.7 23 13.3 23.9 31 5.3 2.7 0.9 35.4 10.6 72.6 52.4 15.9 0.9 12.4 1.8 Alprazolam 3.5 Clonazepam 3.5 LSD 2.7 Midazolam 2.7 Diazepam 1.8
Slovenia Ljubljana Ljubljana 2019 134 34.3 5.2 26.1 20.1 22.4 20.1 8.2 11.2 1.5 37.3 23.1 82.8 62.2 21.6 0 12.7 2.2 Midazolam 7.5 Alprazolam 4.5 Clonazepam 3 Diazepam 3 LSD 3
Slovenia Ljubljana Ljubljana 2018 154 24.7 8.4 24.7 17.5 19.5 20.8 12.3 9.7 1.3 36.4 25.3 70.1 63 12.3 0 14.9 2.6 Stimulant (not known) 5.8 Midazolam 5.2 Alprazolam 3.2 Buprenorphine 3.2 3MMC 1.9
Slovenia Ljubljana Ljubljana 2017 156 23.1 8.3 21.2 17.3 17.9 13.5 6.4 7.1 1.9 30.8 9.6 77.6 53.7 21.8 0.6 16 3.2 Midazolam 7.7 Alprazolam 3.8 Clonazepam 3.8 Bupropion 2.6 Morphine 2.6
Spain Barcelona Barcelona 2022 253 22.7 11.6 19.4 4.3 20.2 2.4 13.8 9.9 11.9 24.1 21.3 88.9 51.6 7.1 3.2 0.4 7.9 Ketamine 4.7 Clonazepam 3.6 2CB 3.2 Crack 3.2 Mephedrone 3.2
Spain Barcelona Barcelona 2021 209 20 12.2 11.5 1.9 25.8 1 12.9 11 14.8 33.5 26.8 84.7 53.7 3.8 0.5 0.5 5.7 Ketamine 4.3 2CB 2.9 Crack 2.4 Mephedrone 1.9 LSD 1.4
Spain Barcelona Barcelona 2020 184 19.1 10.4 16.8 2.7 12.5 1.1 18.5 9.2 18.5 32.1 27.2 87 50.6 0 0 0 3.3 Ketamine 3.8 Poppers 3.3 LSD 2.2 2CB 1.6 Mephedrone 1.6
Spain Barcelona Barcelona 2019 248 24 12.2 18.5 5.2 22.6 3.2 11.3 10.9 16.5 31 27 91.1 58.4 0.8 0 0 1.6 Ketamine 6.9 Poppers 3.6 LSD 3.2 Caffeine 0.8 Mephedrone 0.8
Spain Barcelona Barcelona 2018 227 19.6 10.2 14.1 2.2 20.7 0.4 15.4 7 22 37 22 85.5 57.2 1.3 0 0 1.3 Ketamine 7 Ayahuasca 1.3 LSD 1.3 Mephedrone 0.9 Poppers 0.9
Spain Barcelona Barcelona 2017 224 19.5 5.4 17.4 4.9 23.2 0.9 21.9 5.4 11.2 45.5 25 81.7 71.6 0 0 0.4 1.8 Ketamine 8.9 Poppers 3.6 LSD 1.8 Mephedrone 1.8 Hallucinogen (not known) 0.9
Spain Barcelona Barcelona 2016 147 27.2 5.4 25.2 1.4 22.4 2.7 19.7 11.6 12.2 43.5 27.2 81.6 70 0.7 0 0.7 2.7 Ketamine 6.8 Poppers 5.4 Mephedrone 2 LSD 1.4 Damiana 0.7
Spain Barcelona Barcelona 2015 108 23.4 15 13.9 3.7 15.7 4.6 23.1 4.6 4.6 51.9 25 86.1 72 0 0 0.9 0.9 Ketamine 6.5 Poppers 4.6 LSD 1.9 MDA 0.9 Mephedrone 0.9
Spain Barcelona Barcelona 2014 182 20.9 7.7 26.4 2.7 22.5 1.6 23.1 3.3 1.1 49.5 22 95.1 66.5 0.5 0 0.5 1.1 Ketamine 2.7 Caffeine 2.2 Poppers 1.6 LSD 1.1 2CB 0.5
Spain Barcelona Barcelona 2013 46 18.2 18.2 17.4 2.2 23.9 4.3 28.3 4.3 0 47.8 26.1 95.7 77.3 6.5 0 0 0 Ketamine 6.5 Poppers 4.3 Alprazolam 2.2 Fentanyl 2.2 Fluoxetine 2.2
Spain Mallorca Mallorca 2022 539 21.5 25.8 31.2 0.7 55.5 8 1.7 8.7 0.2 54.5 1.5 100 49 16.7 0 0.7 0.4 Alprazolam 4.6 Diazepam 2.8 Ketamine 2.2 Poppers 1.1 Clonazepam 0.9
Spain Mallorca Mallorca 2021 464 18.8 17.5 28 0.6 59.1 9.3 1.5 2.8 0.6 53.9 1.1 100 50.6 17.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 Alprazolam 3.7 Diazepam 3.7 Clonazepam 3 Ketamine 1.5 Clorazepate 0.4
Spain Mallorca Mallorca 2020 412 19.4 25 30.1 1.5 56.6 6.6 1.7 3.6 0.7 53.4 0 100 46.6 19.7 0 2.2 0.7 Alprazolam 6.6 Diazepam 4.6 Ketamine 1.9 Clonazepam 1.5 Clorazepate 0.5
Spain Mallorca Mallorca 2019 415 34.9 16.9 28 0.7 51.8 7.2 2.4 14 1.7 48.2 0.7 100 65.3 8.9 0.5 0.5 1 Alprazolam 2.9 Ketamine 1.7 Diazepam 1.2 Energy drink 1.2 Clonazepam 0.7
Spain Mallorca Mallorca 2018 405 27.4 18.5 24.9 2 42.7 7.9 5.9 14.3 0.7 48.6 0.7 100 66.7 9.9 0.2 0.2 1.2 Alprazolam 2.5 Diazepam 1.5 Ketamine 1.5 Clonazepam 1 Energy drink 1
Spain Mallorca Mallorca 2017 350 27.1 16.9 26 1.4 39.7 13.4 7.4 6.6 0.9 51.4 0.3 99.4 64.4 11.1 0 0.6 0.9 Alprazolam 2.9 Ketamine 2.6 Diazepam 1.7 Clonazepam 0.6 Energy drink 0.6
Spain Mallorca Mallorca 2016 249 30.1 14.1 17.7 0.4 31.7 13.3 1.2 13.3 1.6 44.2 1.6 93.2 64.7 11.6 0.4 1.2 5.2 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 4.8 Alprazolam 3.2 Diazepam 3.2 Ketamine 3.2 Stimulant (not known) 1.2
Spain Mallorca Mallorca 2015 237 35.4 16 23.2 0.8 31.2 12.2 1.7 13.5 0 45.1 0.4 96.6 73.8 16 0.8 1.7 2.5 Alprazolam 10.5 Diazepam 3.4 Lorazepam 2.1 Stimulant (not known) 2.1 Clonazepam 1.3
Spain Mallorca Mallorca 2014 190 26.3 8.9 24.7 1.1 22.1 18.9 5.3 5.8 0 47.9 0 81.6 61.9 16.8 1.6 1.6 2.6 Alprazolam 11.6 Stimulant (not known) 2.6 Clonazepam 1.6 Diazepam 1.6 Hallucinogen (not known) 1.1
Spain Mallorca Mallorca 2013 28 25 10.7 21.4 3.6 25 21.4 3.6 14.3 0 64.3 3.6 78.6 77.3 10.7 0 0 0 Alprazolam 7.1 Ketamine 7.1 Amitriptyline 3.6 Diazepam 3.6 MDA 3.6
Switzerland Basel Basel 2022 323 28.1 14.7 21.4 11.1 32.2 9.3 2.8 5.3 3.7 44.3 3.7 97.8 43.4 13.6 1.9 2.2 0.3 Alprazolam 3.1 Morphine 2.8 Midazolam 2.2 Diazepam 1.9 LSD 1.9
Switzerland Basel Basel 2021 278 32.7 18.2 23 8.6 36.3 10.8 3.2 4 2.5 52.2 3.6 97.5 48 20.9 1.8 2.5 0.7 Diazepam 2.9 Lorazepam 2.9 Midazolam 2.5 LSD 2.2 Alprazolam 1.8
Switzerland Basel Basel 2020 287 27.7 19.6 23 4.2 34.8 7 8 1 3.5 51.6 3.8 89.5 51.4 15.3 0.3 3.5 0.3 LSD 3.8 Alprazolam 2.8 Diazepam 2.8 Morphine 2.1 Lorazepam 1.7
Switzerland Basel Basel 2019 167 29.3 17.4 18 6.6 41.3 9.6 4.8 4.2 4.2 55.7 3.6 88.6 55.4 15 0.6 3 0 Ketamine 2.4 Methylphenidate 2.4 LSD 1.8 Midazolam 1.8 Nitrous oxide 1.8
Switzerland Basel Basel 2018 255 19.3 20.5 26.3 5.1 38 12.2 6.3 4.7 2.7 47.5 6.3 93.7 54 14.9 0 4.3 0.4 Morphine 2.7 LSD 2.4 Poppers 2 Diazepam 1.6 Methylphenidate 1.6
Switzerland Basel Basel 2017 275 24.1 20.4 29.8 5.8 42.5 9.8 4.4 4.4 0.7 40.7 2.9 78.9 73.3 12.7 0 5.8 0.4 Lorazepam 2.5 Morphine 2.5 Diazepam 2.2 Ketamine 1.5 Methylphenidate 1.5
Switzerland Basel Basel 2016 244 31.4 14.5 27.9 10.7 33.6 4.5 7.8 8.2 2.5 33.6 1.2 55.3 83.7 12.3 0 2.5 0 Diazepam 4.5 Lorazepam 3.7 Methylphenidate 2.9 Morphine 2 LSD 1.6
Switzerland Basel Basel 2015 210 27.6 18.6 27.6 7.6 30 13.8 5.7 7.1 2.9 38.6 1.4 48.1 92.1 11 1 1.9 1.4 Diazepam 4.8 Morphine 2.9 Midazolam 2.4 Lorazepam 1.9 Alprazolam 1.4
Switzerland Basel Basel 2014 224 35.3 13.4 29.5 7.1 39.3 8.9 5.4 9.8 0.4 31.7 1.3 54.5 94.3 8.9 0 6.2 0.4 LSD 3.6 Diazepam 1.8 Methylphenidate 1.3 Morphine 1.3 Tramadol 1.3
Switzerland Basel Basel 2013 44 38.6 13.6 34.1 4.5 22.7 4.5 11.4 2.3 0 52.3 0 56.8 80 6.8 0 0 2.3 LSD 9.1 Methylphenidate 4.5 2CB 2.3 Alprazolam 2.3 Bromazepam 2.3
Switzerland Bern Bern 2021 66 21.2 18.2 22.7 13.6 30.3 16.7 15.2 13.6 9.1 47 1.5 87.9 79.3 9.1 1.5 1.5 3 Clonazepam 4.5 Alprazolam 3 LSD 3 Psilocybe mushroom 3 2CB 1.5
Switzerland Bern Bern 2020 71 38 14.1 29.6 5.6 45.1 18.3 7 5.6 0 36.6 2.8 90.1 65.6 11.3 0 2.8 0 Alprazolam 4.2 Cannabis (CBD) 2.8 Diazepam 2.8 Ketamine 2.8 LSD 2.8
Switzerland Bern Bern 2019 217 30 12.9 23.5 4.6 36.4 14.7 7.4 8.3 2.3 41.5 0.9 79.3 73.3 11.1 0.5 0.9 1.4 Alprazolam 3.7 LSD 2.3 Cannabis (CBD) 1.4 Codeine 1.4 Ketamine 1.4
Switzerland Bern Bern 2018 236 28.4 14.4 30.1 8.5 19.1 16.5 11.9 6.8 0.8 38.6 6.8 60.6 80.4 14 0.8 0.4 0 Diazepam 4.7 Lorazepam 3.8 LSD 3.8 Midazolam 3.4 Alprazolam 2.5
Switzerland Bern Bern 2017 259 25.5 15.8 29 9.3 31.3 19.7 13.5 3.5 0.4 39 3.5 62.9 76.7 12.4 0 2.7 1.2 Diazepam 3.5 Lorazepam 3.1 Zolpidem 2.3 Methylphenidate 1.9 Alprazolam 1.5
Switzerland Bern Bern 2016 206 23.8 14.1 34.5 11.2 23.8 15.5 10.2 5.3 1.9 35.9 3.4 62.1 79.7 7.8 0 1.5 1 Diazepam 2.9 LSD 2.9 Midazolam 2.4 Alprazolam 1 Lorazepam 1
Switzerland Geneva Geneva 2022 397 22.4 20.2 26.4 6.8 22.7 9.8 0.8 6.8 1.5 49.4 2.8 96 53 16.1 1.3 5.5 1.3 Crack 5.8 Midazolam 3.3 Ketamine 2.5 Clonazepam 2 Zolpidem 1.5
Switzerland Geneva Geneva 2021 480 19.4 19.6 25 7.7 28.3 14.4 2.7 5.6 0.8 43.5 1.7 91.2 55.7 27.1 2.1 7.1 2.3 Midazolam 6.5 Clonazepam 3.3 Quetiapine 2.5 Morphine 2.3 Cannabis (CBD) 1.7
Switzerland Geneva Geneva 2020 355 28.2 17.2 20.8 4.5 31.3 14.1 3.1 8.7 4.8 42.3 3.9 96.1 56.9 28.5 1.4 7 1.4 LSD 2.5 Ketamine 1.7 Morphine 1.7 Quetiapine 1.1 3MMC 0.8
Switzerland Lugano Lugano 2022 84 36.9 21.4 27.4 10.7 32.1 4.8 2.4 4.8 0 34.5 0 95.2 51.2 14.3 1.2 3.6 0 Diazepam 3.6 Oxazepam 3.6 Oxycodone 3.6 Alprazolam 2.4 Clomethiazole 2.4
Switzerland Lugano Lugano 2021 108 33.3 17.6 27.8 5.6 43.5 4.6 0 2.8 0 35.2 0 99.1 45.8 16.7 0.9 4.6 0 Clonazepam 2.8 Alprazolam 1.9 Codeine 1.9 Zolpidem 1.9 Clomethiazole 0.9
Switzerland Lugano Lugano 2020 195 27.2 25.6 25.6 8.2 38.5 11.8 1 4.1 1 35.4 0.5 99.5 46.9 13.3 1 5.1 0 Clonazepam 4.6 Clomethiazole 2.6 Oxazepam 2.1 LSD 1.5 Midazolam 1.5
Switzerland Lugano Lugano 2019 267 32.6 20.2 28.1 15 46.8 7.1 1.5 3.7 0.7 31.5 0.4 99.3 50.9 13.9 0.4 4.5 0 Midazolam 1.9 Alprazolam 1.5 Codeine 1.5 Diazepam 1.5 Oxycodone 1.5
Switzerland Lugano Lugano 2018 227 36.1 18.5 29.1 10.6 40.1 5.3 3.5 2.2 0.4 29.1 0 99.1 52 11.9 0.4 2.6 0 LSD 3.1 Clomethiazole 2.2 Lorazepam 2.2 Clorazepate 1.8 Diazepam 1.8
Switzerland Lugano Lugano 2017 105 22.9 18.1 27.6 16.2 44.8 7.6 1.9 0 0 37.1 0 98.1 52.4 16.2 1 2.9 0 Oxazepam 4.8 Clomethiazole 3.8 Midazolam 3.8 Diazepam 1.9 Ketamine 1.9
Tunisia Tunis Tunis 2022 174 49.4 4.6 8.6 7.5 54 12.1 0 25.3 0 24.1 0 100 20.7 13.2 5.7 0 0 Buprenorphine 5.2 LSD 2.9 Trihexyphenidyl 2.9 Clonazepam 2.3 Meprobamate 2.3
Tunisia Tunis Tunis 2021 87 46 5.7 10.3 9.2 63.2 4.6 2.3 43.7 0 12.6 0 100 25.3 0 0 1.1 0 Buprenorphine 6.9 Trihexyphenidyl 2.3 Carbamazepine 1.1 Codeine 1.1 LSD 1.1
Türkiye Izmir Izmir 2019 54 42.6 13 33.3 3.7 5.6 0 1.9 25.9 0 1.9 0 87 31.9 3.7 20.4 0 22.2 Sedative (not known) 22.2 Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) 14.8 Synthetic cannabinoid bonzai 7.4 Antipyretic (not known) 3.7 Alprazolam 1.9
UK London London KCH 2020 506 23.3 16.5 22.3 3.6 21.5 10.7 1 6.7 20.6 19.2 26.1 58.1 75.2 5.7 1.4 1.4 4.9 Crack 11.5 Ketamine 6.3 Diazepam 4 LSD 3.2 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 3.2
UK London London KCH 2019 509 20.9 14.2 21.6 2.9 19.8 12 2.4 9.6 14.7 19.4 23.6 59.9 82.6 3.1 1.2 1.6 4.7 Crack 12 Ketamine 6.1 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 3.5 LSD 2.8 Diazepam 2
UK London London KCH 2018 439 24.4 13 24.1 3.6 16.4 15.3 2.5 12.1 13.7 15.3 24.6 58.8 81.8 6.6 0.9 1.6 7.1 Crack 12.1 Ketamine 5.2 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 3.9 Diazepam 3.6 Alprazolam 2.5
UK London London KCH 2017 434 24.6 11.8 21.7 4.6 13.8 14.3 2.8 13.4 15.7 20.7 24.4 49.3 85.5 4.4 0.9 1.2 6.7 Crack 11.8 Ketamine 5.1 LSD 3 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 3 Diazepam 2.8
UK London London KCH 2016 379 21.9 9.9 25.6 4.5 15.6 16.9 3.2 14.5 14.2 18.2 23 63.9 90.5 6.1 1.1 1.3 10.3 Crack 13.7 Ketamine 5.3 Diazepam 2.9 Mephedrone 2.9 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 2.9
UK London London KCH 2015 439 21.6 10.9 20.5 4.6 14.6 13.9 3 11.2 9.3 25.1 24.8 45.1 93.4 3.9 0.5 1.1 13.2 Mephedrone 8.7 Ketamine 4.1 Diazepam 3.4 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 3.2 LSD 1.6
UK London London KCH 2014 405 29 9.9 25.4 2.2 18.3 16.8 3.5 13.8 10.1 20.2 20.2 61 81 7.4 1.2 3 16 Crack 8.4 Mephedrone 8.1 Methedrone 5.9 Diazepam 5.4 Ketamine 4
UK London London KCH 2013 97 36.1 10.3 24.7 4.1 17.5 16.5 5.2 15.5 8.2 29.9 22.7 62.9 80.3 2.1 0 1 11.3 Crack 9.3 Ketamine 9.3 Mephedrone 5.2 Diazepam 2.1 Amitriptyline 1
UK London London STH 2022 990 22.9 16.1 21 3.8 17.3 12.1 1.2 8.2 17.7 21.5 19.9 59.4 78.9 4.4 0.9 0.9 7.6 Crack 9.2 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 6.6 Ketamine 6.5 Nitrous oxide 3.1 Diazepam 1.9
UK London London STH 2021 1083 24.6 16.4 19.8 4 19.2 12.1 1.3 8.6 18.7 21.5 21.2 56.8 78.5 4.8 1.6 2.5 10.7 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 9.4 Crack 8.1 Ketamine 4.5 Diazepam 3 Alprazolam 1.8
UK London London STH 2020 1427 17 19.8 14.6 3.9 15.1 13 0.8 5.5 17.7 15.3 20 45 85 4.9 1.7 2.3 25.7 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 24.5 Crack 11.9 Diazepam 3.2 Ketamine 3.1 Alprazolam 1.2
UK London London STH 2019 1477 22.3 17.5 17.5 4.5 15 13.9 0.9 7.8 15.4 19.1 20.1 49.2 91.3 5.3 2.5 2 15 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 14.2 Crack 11.8 Ketamine 5.4 Diazepam 2.9 Alprazolam 2.1
UK London London STH 2018 1413 22.4 13.9 18.2 5.4 13.9 13.4 2.4 12 15.4 19 22 49.3 92.7 5 1.4 2.3 14.8 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 13.2 Crack 12.5 Ketamine 5 Diazepam 2.4 Alprazolam 2.3
UK London London STH 2017 1040 19.8 13.9 16 5.1 9.3 12.7 1.1 11.7 14.8 19.2 20.6 48 86.6 4.4 1.7 3.6 19.8 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 17 Crack 8.8 Ketamine 3.6 Alprazolam 2.2 Diazepam 1.9
UK London London STH 2016 960 21.7 11.6 15.2 4.7 9.6 13 1.4 15.4 11.2 15.9 25.3 95 86.6 3 1.8 2.1 25.6 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 15.6 Crack 6.2 Mephedrone 5.4 Ketamine 3.5 Diazepam 2.2
UK London London STH 2015 921 22 10 17.6 7.4 9.6 11.4 2.2 11.7 9.9 14.3 33.6 57.1 83.1 3.8 0.9 2 24.2 Mephedrone 13.1 Crack 5.2 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 2.9 Ketamine 2.8 Methedrone 2.7
UK London London STH 2014 934 25.9 8.4 16.7 5.7 10 11.7 2.7 16.7 10.1 17.8 32.1 49.8 82.2 3.6 0.3 1.9 20.9 Mephedrone 12.8 Methedrone 6 Ketamine 5.2 Crack 3.6 Diazepam 2.5
UK London London STH 2013 241 29.5 8.3 20.7 6.6 12 12 2.9 13.7 7.5 19.1 29 56.8 89.1 2.5 1.2 2.5 23.7 Mephedrone 15.8 Ketamine 7.5 Crack 7.1 Methedrone 5.4 LSD 2.5
UK London London STMW 2022 756 27.5 15.3 23.7 0.9 23.8 11.1 2.1 7.1 14.6 29.1 11.8 71.6 54 5.6 1.6 0.9 3 Crack 9.8 Ketamine 6.2 Nitrous oxide 5.6 Diazepam 3.3 Alprazolam 1.6
UK London London STMW 2021 675 28.9 12.6 23.7 1.5 23.6 9.8 1.2 7.1 16.9 28.3 13.6 84.9 42.2 6.7 1.6 1.5 6.7 Crack 7.9 Ketamine 5.2 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 5.2 Alprazolam 3.9 Diazepam 3
UK York York 2018 96 32.3 7.3 26 2.1 16.7 43.8 3.1 10.4 0 8.3 0 79.2 60.5 32.3 7.3 1 8.3 Diazepam 28.1 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 7.3 Alprazolam 4.2 LSD 4.2 Fentanyl 3.1
UK York York 2017 76 57.9 3.9 35.5 0 25 23.7 3.9 25 0 27.6 1.3 89.5 60.3 11.8 3.9 7.9 5.3 Diazepam 11.8 Ketamine 9.2 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 5.3 Paracetamol 2.6 Amitriptyline 1.3
UK York York 2016 124 53.7 6.5 25 0 20.2 16.9 12.9 18.5 1.6 17.7 1.6 82.3 31.4 9.7 2.4 0.8 24.2 NPS/legal high (not known) 12.9 Diazepam 9.7 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 6.5 Mephedrone 4.8 Codeine 1.6
UK York York 2015 180 58.9 2.2 31.7 0 21.1 10.6 15 23.3 1.7 10.6 1.1 91.7 45.5 3.9 1.1 2.2 34.4 Mephedrone 13.3 NPS/legal high (not known) 10.6 Diazepam 3.9 Synthetic cannabinoid spice 3.3 LSD 1.7
UK York York 2014 204 42.4 8.4 23 2.5 13.7 37.7 9.8 7.4 0 8.3 0 93.6 44 11.3 1 4.4 30.9 Mephedrone 13.7 Diazepam 10.3 NPS/legal high (not known) 6.9 Crack 2 Synthetic cannabinoid psyclone 2
UK York York 2013 54 31.5 7.4 31.5 9.3 16.7 37 14.8 7.4 1.9 11.1 0 87 34 11.1 1.9 7.4 16.7 Diazepam 11.1 Mephedrone 7.4 Ketamine 5.6 Caffeine 3.7 Synthetic cannabinoid pandora's box 3.7
Table 2. Euro-DEN Plus centre information table
Country City Coordinates Centre short name Centre full name Type of service Catchment area Type of people using drugs Number of beds Estimates population served (n) Emergency department and referral Other comment
Algeria Bab El Oued 36.791,3.053 Bab El Oued Mohamed Liamine Debaghine Hospital, Bab El Oued University Hospital Center Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available
Algeria Oran 35.704,-0.650 Oran University Hospital of Oran ED in teaching hospital affiliated with the University of Oran Not available Not available 1000 Not available Not available Not available
Albania Tirana 41.328,19.818 Tirana University hospital centre "Mother Teresa" ED in Albania's largest university hospital  Mainly from Tirana and surroundings, but also severe cases from the whole country All type of drug users, including at night time venues, private parties and solo users ~1450  and 21 in the Toxicology Unit 1.6 million One of clinical toxicology doctors is 24/7 in hospital. All patients coming to ED is first checked by the emergency doctor and upon their request by clinical toxicology doctor. Not available
Belgium Antwerp 51.2,4.4 Antwerp ZNA Stuivenberg ED in general hospital Central and northern. Antwerp Metropolitan Area 40 km² Urban ED. With both long-term drug users and recreational use 250 500000 Patients managed by ED. With referral to ICU, internal medicine or psychiatry as required. Part of Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen (ZNA), a 2500 bed hospital on 10 sites in Antwerp Metropolitan Area
Belgium Ghent 51.1,3.7 Ghent Ghent University Hospital ED in university hospital City of Ghent Located in city with very large student population (63 000 students on a population of 263 000), very active party scene (week and weekends), a few large night clubs in the area. 1000 200,000 All poisonings are treated by the emergency physicians in the ED, if needed admitted to ITU and treated by intensivists. No dedicated toxicology department, though two toxicologists in the ED team.
Bulgaria Sofia 42.7,23.3 Sofia The University Multidisciplinary Hospital for Active Treatment and Emergency Medicine N. I. Pirogov Specialist toxicology clinic and teaching facility. Referral clinic for toxicology pathology for the country. Located in the centre of Sofia, the hospital is located near night life settings. Mostly young people - heroin users, recreational stimulant users, party goers, but there are also older people with long-term drug addiction, included clients in methadone programs. 38 (includes 10 paediatric) 1,500,000 The staff specialises in Internal Diseases, Clinical Toxicology and Emergency Medicine. The Toxicology Clinic is a teaching facility for Medical University of Sofia.  
Cyprus Nicosia 35.2,33.4 Nicosia Nicosia General Hospital ER in the main public hospital of the capital city City of Nicosia The centre is located in the main public hospital of the capital city, however it is not located near an open drug scene or nightlife settings. The users more commonly presenting are recreational stimulant users (cocaine), cannabis users as well as people with high risk use (such as heroin and methamphetamine) 419 ~200,000 Poisoned patients are initially managed within the ER and, if further treatment is needed, admitted to the general medicine wards or intensive care unit  
Czechia Prague 50.1,14.4 Prague Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicological Information Centre, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague Emergency Department in university hospital Central part of Prague and part of Central Bohemian Region (surrounding Prague) Use of marihuana, methamphetamine and alcohol most common 1900 About 250 000 people (25% of Prague) Emergency Room physician and intensivist  
Denmark Copenhagen 55.7,12.6 Copenhagen Bispebjerg Hospital ED in teaching hospital Copenhagen and Frederiksberg     400000 Emergency patients are seen by internists or anesthesiologists. The Danish Poison Information Centre (Giftlinjen, Bispebjerg Hospital) provides advice on complex or unusual cases. The Danish Poison Information Centre has no day-to-day responsibility for patient care in the ED.
Denmark Roskilde 55.6,12.1 Roskilde Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde Emergency Department in teaching hospital            
Estonia Pärnu 58.4,24.5 Parnu Pärnu Hospital ED in general hospital Western part of Estonia. Population served increases significantly in the summer with tourists from other parts of Estonia and abroad.     100,000 Poisoned patients are initially managed within the Emergency Room and, if further treatment is needed, may be admitted to the general medicine wards or intensive care unit.  
Estonia Tallinn 59.4,24.7 Tallinn North Estonia Medical Centre ED in general hospital Outside the town centre so recreational drug users may be admitted to one of the other two hospitals   1230   Patients are initially treated by the emergency medicine doctors in ER and if further treatment is needed, the patients are transferred to intensive care or general medicine wards. In Estonia opioid overdoses are mainly treated on scene and patients are rarely admitted to ED.
Finland Helsinki 60.2,24.9 Helsinki Malmi Hospital ER in general hospital Eastern, south-eastern, north-eastern, and northern areas of Helsinki.   3000 2.2 million Treated by ER clinicians and referred to medical wards or ICU if required For patient >16 years
France Paris 48.9,2.3 Paris Emergency Department, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris ED in teaching hospital Central Paris Next to ‘Gare du Nord’ (the largest and most crowded railway station in Europe), poor North-east area of Paris, located near a safe consumption room (next door). The area is a usual open drug scene with opioid users 1200 >3 million Poisoned patients are seen by the Emergency Medicine Physicians on a 24/7 day-basis. Specialists on-call from the Paris Poison Centre and the medical and toxicological intensive care unit are consulted for specific or severe cases, respectively.
Georgia Tblisi 41.693,44.801 Tblisi Archangel St. Michael Multiprofile Clinical Hospital Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available
Germany Munich 48.1,11.6 Munich Department of Clinical Toxicology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine,Technical University Munich. Specialist department in a tertiary teaching hospital City of Munich and the surrondings Area of ~ 665 km2, the hospital is ~ 2 km from a party scene, an open consumption scene is near the main and eastern railway station, both ~<3 km. Users prefer sympathomimetics (NPS, cocaine, amphetamines, etc.). Among opioids, heroin does not play a dominant role, rather fentanyl and methadone. Cannabinoids and pregabalin are in the foreground. ChemSex, due to the proximity of a gay neighborhood). 1161 (28 in department: 5 in a fully equipped ICU, 13 in a high dependency unit and 10 in a general ward In the city and district of Munich: about 1.9 million Poisoned patients are admitted directly and treated separately from the general medical ER at the department of Clinical Toxicology Provides a toxicological laboratory service and the Munich´s Poison Control Center with about 44,000 inquiries per year
Ireland Drogheda 53.7,-6.4 Drogheda Emergency Department, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital ED in general hospital North East of the Republic of Ireland. Mixed urban and rural population Large rural town population of 41,000 (2016). Large catchment area. Drugs ingested in context of parties and nightclubs primarily. Main drug groups are heroin, cocaine and stimulants. 340 350,000 Patients treated in the ED and admitted to hospital or discharged as appropriate  
Ireland Dublin 53.3,-6.3 Dublin Emergency Department, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital . Teaching hospital ED in teaching hospital North inner city serving a domiciled population   600 185000 Initial management of toxicological emergencies is in the ED with admission under general medicine or critical care if required.  
Israel Haifa 32.799,34.990 Haifa Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology ED in tertiary academic hospital Northern Israel Night-time economy venues, street homeless and hostel dwellers. The north district is known for its low socioeconomic status. Nearby is the main psychiatric hospital of the Northern Israel. Mainly wide cannabis usage in the area, but also heroin and cocaine. 1100 >2.5 million Patients seen by ER Physician during office hours in the ED. Out of office hours by ER Physician or internal physician.  Intensive care and Toxicology specialist are 24/7 on-call. (During office hours Toxicology Service are on site) The Israel Poison Information Center - the only service of its kind in the country -   located at Rambam Health Care Campus and provides expert advice on poisonings to the healthcare system and the general public. available 24/7.
Italy Monza 45.6,9.3 Monza Emergency Department – Ospedale San Gerardo Emergency Room in teaching hospital North-eastern region of Milan Monza is a quiet, wealthy medium-sized city with no special problems about drugs, although wealth may contribute to the use of recreational drugs. The type of users is very different: heroin users, recreational stimulant users, party goers with cannabis most used. 600 500,000 These patients are seen by ER medical staff and the consultant toxicologist is on-call by telephone from Poison Control Centre Poison Control Centre : CAV/CNIT (Centro Antiveleni – Centro Nazionale di Informazione Tossicologica) of Pavia.
Italy Rozzano 45.4,9.2 Rozzano Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 ER in teaching hospital South Milan Lombardy Outskirts south of Milan, near night clubs and discos. Several patients with psychiatric problems and substance abuse who do not usually belong to our ER because they do not have psychiatry 780. (565 National Health Service,215 private healthcare) 178 764 (Rozzano and neighbouring municipalities) Toxicology patients are seen by ER medical staff and the consultant toxicologist is on-call by telephone from Poison Control Centre CAV/CNIT Poison Control Centre CAV/CNIT (Centro Antiveleni – Centro Nazionale di Informazione Tossicologica) of Pavia H24.
Latvia Riga 56.9,24.1 Riga Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Riga ER in university hospital City of Riga       Patients treated in the ED, Toxicology Department or ICU  
Lebanon Beirut 33.889,35.503 Beirut American University of Beirut Medical Center ED in tertiary care hospital Beirut and Mount Lebanon governorates Not available 358 Up to half Lebanese population Not available Not available
Lithuania Kaunas 54.9, 23.8 Kaunas Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences ER in university hospital Quiet area of the city with no safe consumption rooms nor night life settings   2000 387,000 in Kaunas (but for some areas of medicine 699,000) Treated by ER clinicians and referred to medical wards or ICU if required In working time consultations of clinical toxicologists are available.
Lithuania Vilnius 54.7,25.3 Vilnius Toxicology Centre, Republic Vilnius University Hospital ED in university hospital City of Vilnius No particular characteristic and the hospital is the main emergency hospital in Vilnius 657 500000 Patients are seen by the Clinical Toxicology doctor in the ER 24/7. 1000 patients per year are hospitalized in the toxicology centre. This is a clinical department which consists of 6 ICU beds and 15 general ward beds. Alongside is a psychiatry ward with 17 beds.
Malta Msida 35.9,14.5 Msida Emergency Department, Mater Dei Hospital The sole public, general, teaching hospital in Malta Malta A nearly whole country catchment area. Malta is the smallest national capital in the EU. A tourist destination with its warm climate with numerous recreational areas. Most common recreational overdoses are cocaine (crack on the rise), cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids, and heroin. Party goers presentations tend to be highest from April-Sept with another small peak in November 1000 516000 There is no formal toxicological service, with poisoned patients being treated in the Emergency Department, intensive care, paediatric wards or general medical wards.  
North Macedonia Skopje 41.996,21.432 Skopje University Clinic of Toxicology, Clinical campus Mother Theresa, Ss Cyril and Methodius University ED in teaching hospital Skopje (the capital) and North Macedonia territory From night-time economy venues and private parties/residences 29 800 000 (population of Skopje) and sometimes from other cities in NMK (1.8million, patients  in severe clinical presentation) Patients are treated in the ED, ICU or PIC Centre includes a Poisons Information Centre and Detoxification department (admission only during office hours).
Norway Oslo OAEOC 59.9,10.7 Oslo OAEOC Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic (OAEOC) Main casualty clinic in Oslo. Primary care emergency institution City of Oslo Located in the city centre, close to both main nightlife areas, safe consumption room, and open opioid addict scene. Main patient groups: ethanol (both binge drinking and chronic high alcohol consumption), injecting opioid and amphetamine users, and club scene drug users. 15 beds for short time observation (max 6 hours) of recreational drug/ethanol toxicity patients. 18 beds in general 24-hour observation unit. 700000 Poisoned patients are treated at the Emergency General Practice Department, mostly by registrar/resident-level general practitioners. 15% of poisoned patients presenting are referred on to another hospital In Norway patients cannot present directly to hospitals, but have to be assessed in primary care or by the ambulance service first.
Norway Oslo OUH 59.9,10.7 Oslo OUH Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital (OUH) Emergency hospital with local, regional and national responsibility of a variety of assignments The most severe poisoned patients in the region. OUH is the region`s trauma hospital and consists of several acute specialities. All kind of people elder than 18 years are attending. People below 18y attend to a child-Hospital also located in the OUH-area. After stabilization, patients are sometimes continued to local hospitals. The area around centre is a settlement area where people live and work and in connection to several travelling possibilities: bus, tram and subways. Type of people using drugs: young people attending to private parties and from the city night-life, and people in all ages using drugs in combining also because of addiction. Young and elder heroin users, GHB users, recreational stimulant users, party goers etc. In the medical clinic:~ 200 beds. In our Department of Acute Medicine, the intensive care unit has 10 beds and the Observational unit has 17 beds for observational use for several medical needs. Most severely poisoned patients from a catchment area of approximately 3 million people. The Department consists of an observational unit of 17 beds with a medical intensive care unit of 12 beds and it hosts the Norwegian CBRNe Centre of Medicine. All five Clinical consultants for the National Poisons Control Centre are also employed at the same department.
Poland Gdansk 54.4,18.6 Gdansk Pomeranian Centre of Clinical Toxicology (PCT) and Department of Clinical Toxicology Medical University of Gdansk Specialist toxicology hospital Centre of Gdansk but patients are from 25 hospitals in the Pomeranian province and~12 in Warmian-Masurian and Kuyavian-Pomeranian provinces of north Poland. The cities of Gdansk, Gdynia and Sopot (Triplecity) form a large port with numerous night clubs and a large academic centre (about 100, 000 people). 17 in PCT, including 7 intensive care beds Combined population in 3 regions covered:~. 5,8 million Staff specialises in internal diseases, clinical toxicology and emergency medicine. PCT serves as a Poison Control Centre and Toxicological Information Centre. Toxicology reference hospital - operates 24/7. Only cases with serious toxicity are admitted.
Romania Bucharest 44.4,26.1 Bucharest Pediatric Poisoning Centre, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children “Grigore Alexandrescu” Reference toxicology unit for children in Romania within a teaching hospital City of Bucharest and four counties around Teenagers and young people using especially cannabis and recreational drugs, in clubs, private parties, street, school or universities 440 5m The patients are managed by the six paediatricians and 24 nurses working here. Patients under 18 years old with acute overdoses are admitted to the centre. 25 beds in the unit
Serbia Belgrade 44.818,20.457 Belgrade The National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade Emergency Department (ED) in a teaching hospital which is the reference institution in the country for clinical toxicology Not available Not available 1200 Not available Seen in the Emergency and Clinical Toxicology Clinic by specialists of internal medicine with sub-specialisation in clinical toxicology. 24 hour service. Mobile Toxicological Chemical Unit staffed by NPCC used for chemical accidents.
Slovakia Bratislava 48.2,17.1 Bratislava National Toxicological Information Centre, University Hospital (NTIC) Teaching hospital. Largest medical facility in Slovakia Wider city centre of Bratislava and one of three EDs in the University Hospital located in this city area The common public area of the capital of Slovakia, city of Bratislava 2500 500000 NTIC, is a national clinical toxicology service providing advice and information to the health care providers, the general public, and other national organizations. NTIC has about 6500 toxicological consultations per year. NTIC operates on a 24/7 - basis
Slovenia Ljubljana 46.1,14.5 Ljubljana Medical emergency unit and Centre for Clinical Toxicology, University Medical Centre Emergency Department in teaching hospital Central Ljubljana Urban area with discos/dance clubs + a couple of squatter areas and an outpatient methadone clinic with a bustling drug using and trading community. Stimulant drugs more common than heroin and opioids.A high use of cannabis and GHB. 2100 300 000 residents. Serves as a tertiary reference hospital for ~ 1.3 million people. Patients in the ER are seen by internists, with consultant toxicologist on-call. Centre for Clinical Toxicology has 6 monitored beds and 15 beds in a general ward. Excluding infectious disease, paediatric, surgical, neurological and psychiatric emergencies. Psychiatric evaluation and treatment is provided by a detached Psychiatric clinic. Toxicology Laboratory of the Institute of Forensic Medicine performs toxicological analyses.
Spain Barcelona 41.4,2.2 Barcelona Emergency Area, Clinical Toxicology Unit, Hospital Clinic ED in teaching hospital Central Barcelona Centre of the city, with many nightlife venues around. Many of our patients are recreational drug users and also participants in chemsex sessions. 600 550000 Patients are treated in the emergency area, intensive care or general medical wards.  
Spain Palma de Mallorca 39.6,2.9 Mallorca Emergency Department and Clinical Toxicology Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases Teaching hospital Leading tourist destination - large migrant population of tourists and seasonal workers especially during summer months, with over 8 million foreign tourists each year. Near a) shelter for low/no income people where intravenous heroin and cocaine are used, along with other drugs. b) an area of pubs & clubs used all year round but especially in the summer and c) beach area with large influx of visitors in the summer and in both these areas MDMA, cocaine, cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids or other new drugs are used 750 Primary hospital for a resident population of about 400,000 and as a reference hospital for over a million people The ER treats poisoned patients on arrival; poisoned patients are reviewed by a member of the Clinical Toxicology Unit when on-duty or during office hours. No formal reference consultant is on-call for toxicology
Switzerland Basel 47.6,7.6 Basel Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University Hospital Primary care and referral centre North-western Switzerland Several safe consumption rooms in Basel, opioid abuse often, recreational stimulant users, no open drug scene in Basel. 780 1000000 Patients seen by the emergency physician with the clinical pharmacologist & toxicologist on-call when specialised advice is needed.  
Switzerland Bern 46.9,7.5 Bern Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital Primary care facility (walk-in patients) and tertiary referral centre for hospitals in the greater Bern area City of Bern and greater Bern area A small city and there are some local night clubs and a drug treatment facility in the vicinity. 1230 2 millions Poisoned patients are seen by the emergency physicians with clinical pharmacologists and toxicologists on-call when specialised advice is needed. Patients ≥16 years of age)
Switzerland Geneva 46.2,6.1 Geneva Geneva University Hospitals (HUG) ED in university hospital Canton of Geneva From night-time economy venues. Geneva has a safe consumption place called “Quai 9”, located nearby the central train station. It works with an association called “nuit blanche” (“sleepless night”) which was also created in order to reduce harm associated with drug consumption. This last association has staff present during certain nightlife events and propose a safe place to discuss about drugs, information and support.  ~2000 508 774 residents of the Geneva district and because of its proximity to the French border, the inhabitants of some nearby French cities. Patients treated in the ED and discharged or admitted as appropriate  
Switzerland Lugano 46.0,8.95 Lugano Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale Specialized clinical pharmacology and toxicology unit providing consultancy to and collecting data from EDs of a network of 4 public academic teaching hospitals in Southern Switzerland. Urban and rural areas. ER located near open drug scene and night life settings; commonly seen in ER are mostly recreational stimulant users. 1000 Almost 350 000 people. Serves as referral centre for Southern Switzerland. Management of poisoned patients involves the emergency physician, supported by the consultant clinical pharmacologist and toxicologist when needed. If required, management continues in medicine or critical care wards.
The Netherlands Amsterdam 52.4,4.9 Amsterdam Emergency department, OLVG Hospital ED in teaching hospital Central Amsterdam OLVG is a city centre hospital in Amsterdam. Many of the drug related patients are national or international tourists. Drug use is mostly related to social events, although people with chronic use are also seen. 400 1 million Toxicology patients are mostly seen (under supervision) by emergency physicians. In case of severe toxicity, intensive care medicine, internal medicine, the hospital pharmacist and a clinical toxicologist will be involved.
The Netherlands Utrecht 52.1,5.1 Utrecht University Medical Center (UMC) ER in university hospital Not located near open drug scene or safe consumptions rooms. Outside the city center of Utrecht though close (~10 km). However, the city center also has a hospital with an ED. The hospital is located within Utrecht Science park. There are student housing facilities on the park and one restaurant, but other than that there is little to do and it is surrounded by grass-lands. The type of people are mostly recreational stimulant users and partygoers 1100 The UMC Utrecht is the regional referral center (also known as a level 1 trauma center) for the Central Netherlands region with a catchment area of 1.1 million inhabitants.  These patients are seen in the ED by specialists on call from acute internal medicine or intensive care. The Dutch National Poisons Information Center is located within the UMC Utrecht
Tunisia Tunis 33.844,9.400 Tunis Centre Mahmoud Yacoub d'assistance médicale urgente ED in a tertiary teaching hospital and national centre for toxicology Central  Tunis Drugs used in the local streets, abandoned squatted  houses and private residences and in local night-time economy venues 21 3 million Seen by the Emergency  or, if necessary, intensive care physicians. 24 hour service. Not available
Türkiye Izmir 38.4,27.1 Izmir İzmir Medical Sciences University, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital ED in teaching hospital City of Izmir Deprived area with low income and education attainment households where whole families may use and deal drugs, usually synthetic cannabinoids 600 350,000 These patients are seen by the emergency medicine specialty program residents and their instructors. Patients seen 24 hours/7 days in the ER, and consulted on in intensive care or general medical wards.
United Kingdom London 51.5,-0.1 London STH Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy’s & St Thomas’ (STH) NHS Foundation Trust ED in teaching hospital Central and south east London with a number of small and large night time economy venues nearby, particularly those catering for men who have sex with men (MSM, “gay”). Recreational/NPS toxicity presentations are mostly commonly from those night-time economy venues, as well as privately held “chemsex parties” and private residences. Additionally, presentations are from street homeless and hostel dwellers. 1100 1,6 million Patients are seen by the Clinical Toxicology service during office hours in the ER, intensive care or general medical wards and out of hours a consultant toxicologist is on-call.  
United Kingdom London 51.4,-0.0 London KCH Emergency Department, King’s College Hospital (KCH) NHS Foundation Trust ED in teaching hospital. No formal toxicology service but strong links with the service at GSTT London. South east London. It has a diverse socioeconomic resident population. Recreational drug/NPS toxicity presentations are most commonly from local night-time economy venues, privately held “chemsex parties”, private residences, hostels and those who are street homeless. 900 1 million    
United Kingdom London STMW 51.5,-0.2 London STMW St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust ER in teaching hospital and inner-city major trauma centre. Central west and northwest London High numbers of stimulant recreational drug users, patients using drugs for chemsex and high rates of homelessness in the local area. 495 2 million    
United Kingdom York 54.0,-1.1 York York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust ED in teaching hospital Semi-rural population, living in or near York and North Yorkshire   700 800000 Patients are managed initially within the Emergency Room and, if needed, may be admitted to the Acute Medical Unit or critical care areas under the care of a General Physician. Support from a local liaison psychiatry team.

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European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN Plus): data and analysis

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